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英文畢業(yè)論文模板(10篇)

時(shí)間:2022-05-06 18:58:11

導(dǎo)言:作為寫作愛好者,不可錯(cuò)過為您精心挑選的10篇英文畢業(yè)論文,它們將為您的寫作提供全新的視角,我們衷心期待您的閱讀,并希望這些內(nèi)容能為您提供靈感和參考。

英文畢業(yè)論文

篇1

畢業(yè)論文和學(xué)位論文通常是有一定長度并有文獻(xiàn)資料佐證的學(xué)術(shù)研究論文,專門對科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的某些問題或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行探討研究,具有科學(xué)性和創(chuàng)見性。畢業(yè)論文的完成是學(xué)生在掌握本專業(yè)要求的全部知識、理論和技能的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行綜合運(yùn)用,獨(dú)立地、創(chuàng)造性地解決理論和實(shí)際問題的一項(xiàng)活動(dòng),是學(xué)生從事獨(dú)立科研工作的起點(diǎn),也是展示自己專業(yè)水平和科研能力的一次機(jī)會(huì)。更重要的是,畢業(yè)論文寫作的優(yōu)劣是決定學(xué)生畢業(yè)時(shí)可否被授予學(xué)士學(xué)位的重要依據(jù)。因此,畢業(yè)論文的寫作應(yīng)當(dāng)受到高度重視。然而,目前的本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量令人擔(dān)憂,曾有文章比之為“雞肋”,意為“棄之可惜,食之無味”。就英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文而言,情況則更應(yīng)引起重視。

一、論文現(xiàn)狀根據(jù)教學(xué)進(jìn)度的要求,英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生在第八學(xué)期開學(xué)伊始就要準(zhǔn)備論文開題報(bào)告,從而進(jìn)入實(shí)質(zhì)性的論文寫作過程。下面是在各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的問題。

1.選題草率,研究方向不確定。學(xué)生在選題時(shí)不夠慎重,沒有經(jīng)過嚴(yán)肅的思考,有的同學(xué)僅憑一時(shí)興起就定下題目,如《論佛教在中國的發(fā)展》。且不說這個(gè)題目大小,其內(nèi)容本身就已超出專業(yè)范圍,用英文撰寫對本科生也實(shí)屬力所難逮。還有的同學(xué)選題為‘OnReading’,研究方向不確定,泛泛而談,不知側(cè)重在哪里。雖然從表面上看,有些情況屬于個(gè)案,但事實(shí)上,近幾年,題目難以確定的現(xiàn)象越來越多,有的已經(jīng)導(dǎo)師認(rèn)可的題目,學(xué)生在進(jìn)行下一步工作之前又有較大改變,甚至改變研究方向。

2.資料收集倉促,時(shí)而迷失方向。論文中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)和論點(diǎn)一般是以資料研究為基礎(chǔ)的,如果僅憑一兩本或幾篇文章,就想從中得出令人信服的結(jié)論是不可能的,即使得出結(jié)論,也沒有多大說服力,因?yàn)橘Y料太少,不足為證。然而,學(xué)生收集資料缺乏系統(tǒng)性,覺得不夠用了則難以繼續(xù),轉(zhuǎn)而換題,資料跟著題目變,倉促之間,迷失方向不知所措。

3.論文撰寫問題重重。撰寫論文要對收集到的資料進(jìn)行閱讀、做筆記、研究和整理之后,用自己的語言將其串聯(lián)起來,說明論點(diǎn)、擺出論據(jù)、完成論證。如果只是把收集到的資料堆積在一起,東一段、西一段地拼湊下來,不能稱其為論文。而大部分學(xué)生恰恰是以堆積為主,自己陳述為輔,論點(diǎn)跟著論據(jù)走,缺乏一致性,連貫性和邏輯性。另外,從論文整體的文字上看,資料部分用詞專業(yè)、準(zhǔn)確,句子相對復(fù)雜,而學(xué)生自己的陳述則語法錯(cuò)誤頻頻出現(xiàn),句子簡單并口語化。

二、現(xiàn)狀的成因

1.形勢與應(yīng)試的導(dǎo)向。近幾年的擴(kuò)招使學(xué)生數(shù)量有所上升,而教師的數(shù)量不但基本上沒有上升,還有不少人投入國內(nèi)外的進(jìn)修學(xué)習(xí)而不能擔(dān)任課程。由于課程負(fù)擔(dān)過重,使教師不堪重負(fù)而有意無意地忽視了寫作課實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)以及批閱后的反饋。全國統(tǒng)一安排的英語專業(yè)四、八級考試合格證已成為評定英語專業(yè)水平的重要砝碼,在社會(huì)和校方的大力關(guān)注下,學(xué)生認(rèn)識到四級考試決定畢業(yè)證,八級考試關(guān)系到找工作,寫作課教師也希望學(xué)生在寫作項(xiàng)目考試中得高分。于是,大部分時(shí)間都圍繞四、八級考試進(jìn)行。學(xué)生熟悉了框架形式、套路,只注意與過級考試相關(guān)的寫作形式與技巧,不善于觀察生活和知識積累,因此也就談不上運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識表達(dá)思想、分析問題和解決問題了。

2.寫作教材的適用性。我國大學(xué)英語專業(yè)的寫作教學(xué)一直缺少一套較為完整,由淺及深,循序漸進(jìn),適合現(xiàn)實(shí)各個(gè)階段教學(xué)需要的教材?;A(chǔ)英語寫作教材的范例雖多,但語言過于淺顯,有些內(nèi)容較貼近生活,但實(shí)用性和趣味性還有待提高;課后練習(xí)多為圍繞四、八級考試出題,學(xué)生“見多了”正式考題,對此類寫作練習(xí),缺乏動(dòng)力,且練習(xí)都未附參考答案,使師生課后沒有參閱的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);畢業(yè)論文一章,在二年級開始講授,引不起學(xué)生的共鳴,一來是學(xué)生忙于考級,論文不是重點(diǎn),二來時(shí)間尚早,缺乏一個(gè)過渡期,無法形成理性認(rèn)識。

3.學(xué)生基本功較差又缺乏實(shí)踐。學(xué)生習(xí)慣于讓老師灌輸詞匯句型,不愿意動(dòng)腦筋積極思考,寫出來的東西用詞不貼切,語法不規(guī)范,行文不順暢,缺乏邏輯性、無條理。眾所周知,寫作不僅在于語言文字的組織,更多的功夫在于知識積累和文化素質(zhì),這方面的提高對于學(xué)生更為重要。然而,待學(xué)生忙完了四、八級考試轉(zhuǎn)入論文寫作的時(shí)候,才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沒有做好這方面的準(zhǔn)備,無論是題目、提綱還是摘要、引言、參考文獻(xiàn),從形式到內(nèi)容腦子里一片空白。雖說在之前的寫作課上,這些內(nèi)容都講過,但當(dāng)時(shí)不是學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn),而且沒有親自實(shí)踐過程,學(xué)生不知所措,無從下手。

三、英文寫作課的定位

1.專時(shí)專用,突出目標(biāo)。將四、八級考試及畢業(yè)論文寫作分階段進(jìn)行,形成層次。在基礎(chǔ)英語寫作階段,集中實(shí)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)公認(rèn)的目標(biāo):提高英語寫作能力和順利通過四、八級考試。將教材中傳統(tǒng)的寫作技巧中的精華部分及增加的課外內(nèi)容邊講授邊加入寫作實(shí)踐,從而更加強(qiáng)調(diào)寫作的動(dòng)態(tài)過程和學(xué)習(xí)者創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)揮。畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)要作為一門課程開設(shè),專門講授學(xué)術(shù)論文的研究方法,這樣不僅為學(xué)生的四年學(xué)業(yè)成就提供展示的機(jī)會(huì),而且為將來的學(xué)習(xí)和工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。

2.注重實(shí)際,精講多練。有效克服教材的不足,從實(shí)際出發(fā),為我所用,可適當(dāng)放棄一些高深的章節(jié),并增加一些循序漸進(jìn)的內(nèi)容,保證穩(wěn)步提高。針對學(xué)生存在的諸多問題,在講授詞匯、語法、句法方面多做有益的練習(xí),盡量找生動(dòng)、學(xué)生易犯的大量的中式英語的例子,使學(xué)生在談笑間能將其錯(cuò)誤牢記在心。而大量的練習(xí)能給學(xué)生留下長久的印象。這樣既提高了四、八級成績,又有助于學(xué)生寫作能力的提高,更重要的是提升了跨文化交際意識。

3.發(fā)動(dòng)學(xué)生,互幫互進(jìn)。由于教師的精力有限,可適時(shí)適量地發(fā)動(dòng)學(xué)生互評作業(yè),學(xué)生自己能夠解決的問題自己解決。同學(xué)間同級互評能幫助學(xué)生增強(qiáng)讀者意識,降低寫作焦慮,彌補(bǔ)自己寫作中的不足。首先,互評可增加其詞匯量,正反兩方面的評價(jià)有益于所有學(xué)生作文水平的提高。其次,學(xué)生能夠通過討論互評首先成為一個(gè)頭腦敏銳、豐富的讀者、聽眾,然后成為一個(gè)思路清晰、能寫出好文章的作者。

這樣,教師不再是作為唯一的“讀者”去評判學(xué)生的作品。全班同學(xué)在教師的幫助下,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并能表達(dá)出問題的所在。最終學(xué)生對評判自己的作品的內(nèi)容的表達(dá)方面也更加敏銳,并能更好地修正自己的作品,學(xué)生會(huì)很快地從評判活動(dòng)中看到益處,也會(huì)把大家對自己作品的評價(jià)作為提高文章水平的重要的參考資料。其實(shí),這不僅解決了日常教學(xué)中的問題,而且培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)治學(xué)的良好習(xí)慣??偠灾?,對英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文反映出來的問題要認(rèn)真研究,其中英文寫作課的教學(xué)任務(wù)極為關(guān)鍵,通過調(diào)查研究與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合,不斷探索,希望能夠提高學(xué)生的論文本論文由無憂論文由寫作能力。

參考文獻(xiàn):

篇2

3.論文如有問題或已在公開期刊上發(fā)表,請?jiān)谄醉摰啬_處注明.

4.摘要英文摘要一般為150-180個(gè)實(shí)詞,中文摘要一般在300字以內(nèi),中英文摘要應(yīng)基本一致.其內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括研究目的,方法,結(jié)果,結(jié)論等,禁用"本文","作者","Thispaper"等作主語.詳見"科技期刊文章摘要的寫作要求".

5.關(guān)鍵詞每篇文章可選3~8個(gè)能反映文章主要內(nèi)容的單詞,詞組或術(shù)語.英文關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)與中文關(guān)鍵詞相對應(yīng).

6.中圖分類號請查《中國圖書館分類法》.

7.正文正文篇幅一般希望控制在成書5頁(記空格,圖表占位)以內(nèi).內(nèi)容力求有創(chuàng)新,論證嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語句通順,文字精煉.

8.文中正體,斜體,黑體字符的用法:

⑴斜體.變量名稱用斜體單字母表示;下標(biāo)若是由變量轉(zhuǎn)化來的則用斜體;坐標(biāo)軸(如x,y)和變量(如i,j)用斜體.

⑵正體.下標(biāo)由文字轉(zhuǎn)化來的說明性字符用正體;單位,詞頭用正體,如nm,pF等;幾個(gè)特殊常量用正體,如e,i,π等.

⑶黑體.矩陣,矢量名稱用黑體表示.

9.圖形要求

圖中所有線條,文字必須用黑色繪制;用線形或標(biāo)識符區(qū)分;不得有背景;

圖中線條須清晰,均勻,刻度線向內(nèi)側(cè)畫,并且間隔應(yīng)均勻;

圖中坐標(biāo)線粗0.5磅,曲線寬度為坐標(biāo)線寬度的3倍;

10.表格要求表格采用三線表,表頭中使用物理量符號/單位,如下例:

x/cm

I/mA

v/(m·s-1)

h/m

p/MPa

10

30

2.5

4

110

11.參考文獻(xiàn)來稿引用他人觀點(diǎn)與材料,須將參考文獻(xiàn)按正文中出現(xiàn)的先后次序列于文后,文中須在引用處右上角加注"[序號]".中文參考文獻(xiàn)必須列出相應(yīng)的英文,并在后面加注"(inChinese)".引文作者姓名均為姓前名后,最多標(biāo)3名,余下用"etal."代表.

著錄格式為:(按不同析出物分類說明)

[連續(xù)出版物]主要作者.題名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止頁碼.

[專著]主要作者.書名[M].出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止頁碼.

[譯著]主要作者.書名[M].譯者.出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止頁碼.

[論文集]主要作者.題名[A].編者.論文集名[C].出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止頁碼.

[會(huì)議論文]主要作者.題名[Z].會(huì)議名稱,會(huì)議召開地(城市名),召開年.

[學(xué)位論文]作者.題名[D].所在城市:保存單位,年份.

[研究報(bào)告]主要作者.題名[R].報(bào)告代碼及編號(或:保存地點(diǎn):責(zé)任單位),年份.

[報(bào)紙]作者名.文章名[N].報(bào)紙名,出版日期(版次).

[電子文獻(xiàn)]作者.題名[EB/OL].………,發(fā)表或更新日期/引用日期.

[專利]申請者.專利名[P].專利國名:專利號,日期.

[技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代號,技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱[S].

投稿模擬樣本

NewImagingSpectrometricMethodforRotaryObject

CHUNYu1,DONGXiao-xue2

DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,SchoolofInformationScience

andTechnology,BeijingInstituteofTechnology,Beijing100081,

China;2.SchoolofMechatronicEngineering,Beijing

InstituteofTechnology,Beijing100081,China)

Abstract:Anewtechniqueforimagingspectrometerforrotaryobjectbasedon

computed-tomographyisproposed.Adiscretemodelofthisimagingspectrometric

systemisestablished,whichisaccordanttoactualmeasurementsandconvenient

forcomputation.Incomputersimulationswiththismethod,projectionsofthe

objectaredetectedbyCCDwhiletheobjectisrotating,andtheoriginalspectral

imagesarenumericallyreconstructedfromthembyusingthealgorithmof

computed-tomography.Simulationresultsindicatethattheprincipleofthemethod

iscorrectanditperformswellforbothbroadbandandnarrow-bandspectral

objects.

Keywords:aerodynamiccharacteristics;stealthcharacteristics;numericalcalculation;polarization

CLCnumber:TP374.2

引言(不編入章節(jié)號)

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(1)

該論文為論文,不宜公開張貼或發(fā)表

該論文已公開發(fā)表

BiographyCHUNYu(1963—),professor,Ph.D.,abcd@.

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n

f0/MHz

R/Ω

VSWR

BW/%

L/cm

line

955

36.4

1.36

15.4

7.0

804

30.7

1.56

22.0

7.0

1

750

27.8

1.73

17.3

8.6

2

706

23.6

2.0

12.7

10.2

3

670

21.6

2.17

9.4

11.8

4

642

20.1

2.37

6.38

13.4

References:

SchlkopfB,BurgesCJC,SmolaAJ.Advancesinkernelmethods–Supportvectorlearning[M].Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1999.

HearstMA,SchlkopfB,DumaisS,etal.Trendsandcontroversies–Supportvectormachines[J].IEEEIntelligentSystems,1998,13(4):18-28.

EricC.Hacker''''sattackanalyzeanddefense[M].SuLeitransl.Beijing:PublishingHouseofElectronicsIndustry,2002.

BurgesCJC.Geometryandinvarianceinkernelbasedmethods[A].BurgesC,SmolaA.AdvanceinKernelMethods—SupportVectorLearning[C].Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1999.

CunLY,JackelLD,BottouL,parisonoflearningalgorithmsforhandwrittendigitrecognition[Z].ICANN''''95,Nanterre,France,1995.

ChangCC,LinCJ.LIBSVM:Alibraryforsupportvectormachines[EB/OL].csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm,2001-06-19/2002-03-10.

SwansonRS,MusaS.Theestimationofobstacleandterrainclobberprobabilities[R].AIAA75-1118,1975.

YoungS,KershawD,OdellJ,etal.TheHTKBook(version3.0)[R].Cambridge:UniversityofCambridgePress,2000.

GJB736.8-90,Methodofinitiatingexplosivedevicetest,acceleratedlifetest,methodofthetestat71℃[S].(inChinese)

WhiteSA.Trackingfilterandquadrature-phasereferencegenerator[P].USP:5491725,1996-01-13.

JiaYubin.Astudyonmicroquartzangularratesensor[D].Beijing:DepartmentofOpticalEngineering,BeijingInstituteofTechnology,1999.(inChinese)

Fig.1Thedualmeanderlinemonopoleantenna

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Fig.2Flowchartofsimulationforstandingstartaccelerationprocess

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篇3

 

1.0 前言

近15年,體裁(genre)和體裁分析(genre analysis)成為第一語言和第二語言教學(xué)領(lǐng)域里的熱門話題(Hyon 1996)。我國不少專家、學(xué)者都試圖把這種理論應(yīng)用在具有特定交際目的的篇章上,如分析農(nóng)業(yè)英語論文摘要(易興霞,2006),分析應(yīng)用語言學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)文章的宏觀和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)(楊瑞英,2006)畢業(yè)論文模板,分析商務(wù)促銷類語篇(王宏俐, 郭繼榮,2006)等。本文擬從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手,分析主要交際目的為說服潛在客戶購買商家所提供的產(chǎn)品或接受其服務(wù)的英文促銷信的表現(xiàn)形式,圖式結(jié)構(gòu)和特殊信息,并通過分析語義的文化預(yù)設(shè)和搭配意義,加深對促銷信的語言表面特征的認(rèn)識。

2.0理論依據(jù)

2.1體裁

語言學(xué)中的體裁(genre)不同于文學(xué)中的體裁。Swales (1990: 45-58) 認(rèn)為體裁是在特定社會(huì)文化背景下對人類交際事件進(jìn)行分類的結(jié)果。所謂交際事件就是人們按照特定目的和特定程式運(yùn)用語言在社會(huì)中辦事的實(shí)例。新加坡的Bhatia (1993:13-16)在 Swales的體裁理論基礎(chǔ)上做了進(jìn)一步的完善, 認(rèn)為:1)體裁是一種可辨認(rèn)的交際事件;2)體裁不是一般的交際事件 ,而是一種內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)特征鮮明,高度約定俗成的交際事件;3)在建構(gòu)語篇時(shí) ,必須遵循某種特定體裁所要求的慣例;4)盡管體裁有其慣例和制約性, 內(nèi)行人仍可在體裁規(guī)定內(nèi)傳達(dá)個(gè)人意圖和交際目的。因此交際目的往往決定應(yīng)該使用哪種體裁,而體裁的常規(guī)性又維我們提供了可以遵循的體裁結(jié)構(gòu)潛勢。

2.2體裁分析

體裁分析是20 世紀(jì)90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)發(fā)展起來的一種分析方法。他們認(rèn)為任何體裁都是由一系列的語輪構(gòu)成,語步(move)和步驟( step)是語篇分析的出發(fā)點(diǎn)論文開題報(bào)告范文。Swales的層次動(dòng)向法(move approach)常用在具體的體裁分析中,即根據(jù)不同的交際目的,對某一語篇按照意義與功能劃出層次,然后再根據(jù)層次來考察分析語言的表達(dá)形式。Swales 沒有對語步和步驟提出明確的定義,但Nwogu (1997)認(rèn)為語步是一個(gè)由一系列詞匯,主題意義和修辭特征所標(biāo)明的具有統(tǒng)一意義傾向的語篇片斷,步驟是實(shí)現(xiàn)語步的可供選擇的修辭策略,一個(gè)語步可以由一個(gè)或多個(gè)步驟來實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如畢業(yè)論文模板,Bhatia (1993:62)根據(jù)體裁“ 語步 (moves) 和步驟( steps)”分析理論,將推銷體裁概括成七個(gè) “語步” (move) :1. Establishing credentials (確立資格證明) ; 2. Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容):⑴offering the product orservice (介紹產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)) ,⑵ Essential detailing of the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容的重要細(xì)節(jié)) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推銷內(nèi)容的價(jià)值) ; 3. Offering incentives (激勵(lì)購買) ; 4.Enclosing documents (附寄文件) ; 5. Soliciting response(請求回復(fù)) ; 6. Using pressure tactics (采用壓力策略) ; 7. Ending politely (禮貌收尾)。在以上七個(gè)“語步” 中 ,第二語步 Introducing the offer 又是由三個(gè)步驟(step)組成的。

體裁分析模式為語篇研究提供了新的考察視角與方式。使用體裁和體裁分析理論對某個(gè)特定語篇進(jìn)行分析,是對語篇宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析的有機(jī)結(jié)合,既注重語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu),也注重特定的體裁結(jié)構(gòu)在詞匯和語法層面的特定表現(xiàn)。

3.0體裁分析在英文促銷信中的應(yīng)用

3.1促銷信的體裁界定

促銷信是商務(wù)英語中常見的一種語篇,它是以書信的格式由促銷人員向顧客傳遞商品或服務(wù)的存在及其性能、特征等信息,幫助顧客認(rèn)識商品或服務(wù)所帶來的利益,從而達(dá)到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、采取購買行為的目的。因此它的本質(zhì)是銷售者和消費(fèi)者之間的信息溝通,主要交際目的就是通過向消費(fèi)者的宣傳、誘導(dǎo)和提示,促進(jìn)消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)生購買動(dòng)機(jī),影響消費(fèi)者的購買行為,實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品由生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域向消費(fèi)領(lǐng)域的轉(zhuǎn)移。這樣的交際目的決定收信人和寫信人通常為并不熟悉的雙方,因此語言上謙虛有禮、簡潔明晰是必不可少的。

3.2 促銷信的內(nèi)在宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)

一封成功的促銷信在內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)上 ,基本遵循Bhatia 的七個(gè) “語步”的模式 ,通過吸引客戶的注意、向客戶詳細(xì)介紹所推銷的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)并索求回復(fù)等語篇片斷來實(shí)現(xiàn)說服潛在客戶購買所推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的交際目的。下面我們從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手畢業(yè)論文模板,來具體討論促銷信的層次動(dòng)向。。

Dear customer,

⑴Theunion bakers would like to announce a great offer this Valentine day. Every two kg cakeyou buy you get raffle ticket which allows you to enter into a draw which willgive you a chance to win a dinner for two at a three star hotel. You can have awonderful dinner with your loved one on the eve of Valentine’s Day.

⑵ Thebakers will arrange for the pickup and drop to the venue and you can enjoy thedinner along with the dance party at the three star hotels.

⑶Don’tyou think it will be fun to take your girlfriend or boyfriend out for dinner ona valentine’s day and make the day a special one? Imagine all that fun you havewith your loved one with tasty cuisine and exciting and thrilling dance party.To top it all you can meet famous singer and dancer who is the guest of honorthat day.

⑷Visitany of our outlets to get more information. Hurry and buy a wonderful tastycake for your loved one.

⑸Sincethe offer is valid till (time how long).please act now.

⑹Sincerely,

這封促銷信由五段組成,第一段的第一句是第一個(gè)語步: Establishing credentials (確立資格證明),通過提及在情人節(jié)要提供的一項(xiàng)服務(wù)來吸引顧客的注意力;第一段的第二句到第三段是第二個(gè)語步:Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容)。第二個(gè)語步由三個(gè)步驟組成:⑴offering the product or service (介紹產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)) ,⑵ Essentialdetailing of the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容的重要細(xì)節(jié)) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推銷內(nèi)容的價(jià)值) 。第一段的第二句是第一個(gè)步驟,主要介紹了即將推出的服務(wù)——每買兩公斤蛋糕就能抽簽,就有機(jī)會(huì)贏得在三星級賓館的兩人晚宴;第一段的第三句和第二段是第二個(gè)步驟,詳細(xì)介紹推銷服務(wù)的細(xì)節(jié)——情人節(jié)前夕在三星級賓館和摯愛共進(jìn)晚餐、共舞;第三段是第三個(gè)步驟,主要指出推銷服務(wù)的精神價(jià)值——使情人節(jié)過得特別,并能遇到明星。第二個(gè)語步是促銷信最為重要的部分,決定能否幫助顧客認(rèn)識商品或服務(wù)所帶來的利益,從而達(dá)到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、最終采取購買行為的目的。第四段是第三、四個(gè)語步:Offering incentives (激勵(lì)購買)和Soliciting response(請求回復(fù))。第四段第一句是請求顧客做出回復(fù)——到銷售點(diǎn)尋求更多信息;第二句是鼓勵(lì)有購買傾向的顧客下定決心。第五段是第五個(gè)語步:Using pressure tactics (采用壓力策略),Sincerely和簽名是第六個(gè)語步:Ending politely (禮貌收尾),作為傳統(tǒng)信件獨(dú)特的結(jié)尾方式,這一語步在促銷信中也很常見。

與Bhatia的七個(gè)語步模式略有不同的是:這封促銷信并沒有Enclosing documents (附寄文件)這一語步;而且Offeringincentives (激勵(lì)購 買)和Soliciting response(請求回復(fù))的順序也有所不同。王宏俐, 郭繼榮(2006)認(rèn)為,在語篇構(gòu)建中常使用的語步是核心語步畢業(yè)論文模板,不太出現(xiàn)的輔語步是外圍語步,在促銷信中,第一、二、四語步是核心語步,由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)這一語步是外圍語步,銷售者可根據(jù)情況決定是否使用;至于語步順序,盡管促銷信是專門用途英語里的一種,有其慣例和制約性,但我們?nèi)钥稍隗w裁規(guī)定內(nèi)傳達(dá)個(gè)人意圖和交際目的論文開題報(bào)告范文。

3.3 促銷信的文化預(yù)設(shè)和搭配意義

這實(shí)際是一封是以西方文化為背景的抽獎(jiǎng)促銷信。促銷信的最主要部分——第二語步也是以這個(gè)文化預(yù)設(shè)為先決條件的。銷售者想要促銷的商品是蛋糕,但在促銷信里,抽獎(jiǎng)有可能贏得情人節(jié)的晚餐卻是描述的重點(diǎn),這主要是商家抓住了顧客消費(fèi)過程中的僥幸獲大利心理——以抽獎(jiǎng)贏得與摯愛在情人節(jié)共進(jìn)免費(fèi)晚餐的機(jī)會(huì),設(shè)置中獎(jiǎng)機(jī)會(huì),利用抽獎(jiǎng)的形式畢業(yè)論文模板,來吸引消費(fèi)者購買商品蛋糕。令人心動(dòng)的抽獎(jiǎng)活動(dòng)成功地把顧客的注意力指向拉到了本應(yīng)大力宣傳的產(chǎn)品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解這個(gè)文化預(yù)設(shè),就不容易達(dá)到促銷信的交際目的。

Leech(1981:17)認(rèn)為:搭配意義是指一個(gè)詞與另一個(gè)詞連用搭配時(shí)使得該詞的意義隨語境而發(fā)生的變化。因此促銷信在詞的搭配上非常注意。促銷信使用的形容詞大多是描述性和評價(jià)性的,多為褒義詞,例如:great, wonderful, special, tasty, exciting, thrilling, famous,wonderful, 這些形容詞為收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。盡管這是一封書信,但口語詞匯多余書面語詞匯,淺顯易懂、簡潔明晰。銷售者為了推銷商品或者服務(wù),常常直接使用反問疑問句和祈使句,增強(qiáng)引導(dǎo)功能,說服或敦促收信人采取購買行動(dòng)。

3.4 總結(jié)

體裁分析超越了對語篇語言特征的簡單描述,力求解釋語篇的理據(jù), 探討語篇結(jié)構(gòu)背后的社會(huì)文化因素和心理認(rèn)知因素, 揭示實(shí)現(xiàn)交際背景的特殊方式和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)范性。促銷信具是專門用途英語的一種,把促銷信這一體裁語篇看作是一個(gè)有規(guī)律的有結(jié)構(gòu)的層次動(dòng)向的組合的思想, 有助于我們更好地理解這種信函體裁,寫出目的明確、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、用詞準(zhǔn)確的促銷信。

參考文獻(xiàn):

1.Hyon, Sunny. Genre in Three Traditions:Implications for ESL [J]. TESOL Quarterly, 30/ 4 :693-722, 1996.

2.易興霞.體裁分析與農(nóng)業(yè)英語論文摘要[J]. 西安外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2006(9):28-31.

3.楊瑞英.體裁分析的應(yīng)用:應(yīng)用語言學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析[J]. 外語與外語教學(xué),2006(10):29-34.

4.王宏俐,郭繼榮.體裁分析與商務(wù)促銷類語篇[J]. 外語教學(xué),2006(7): 32-37.

5.Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis: English inAcademic and Research Settings [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

6.Bhatia, V. K. Analyzing Genre: Language Usein Professional Settings [M]. London: Longman, 1993.

7.Nwogu, K. N. The Medical Research Paper: Structureand Function [J]. English for Specific Purposes, 199 16 (2): 119-138.

篇4

2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2

2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3

2.3 Features of company website translation 4

3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6

3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8

   3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8

   3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9

   3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13

4.1 Functional translation errors 13

   4.1.1 Problem of length 13

   4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15

4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16

   4.2.1 Spelling errors 16

   4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17

   4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17

   4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18

4.3 Cultural translation errors 19

5. Conclusion 20

Acknowledgements 21

References 22

1.Introduction

Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.

And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.

2. Current situation and features of company website translation

In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.

2.1 Current situation of company website translation

Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.

Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.

2.2 Samples of famous foreign website

There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.

Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.

(heritage.coca-cola.com/)

Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.

The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.

    Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)

 As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.

2.3 Features of company website translation   

First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules.  Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.

At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.

3. The Skopos theory and company website translation

 

 A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.

3.1 Introduction of skopos theory

The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.

Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.

It requires that a good translation be:

[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;

[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;

[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;

[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed; 

[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;

[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;

.

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory

During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.

3.2.1 Functional translation errors

Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .

Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.

The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.

3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors

Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳頭產(chǎn)品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳頭產(chǎn)品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].

Example[3]: 三十年紡織品和服裝出口經(jīng)驗(yàn),質(zhì)量第一,信譽(yù)第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始終如一。(ex.cn)

Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.

Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.

Example[4]: 集“中國馳名商標(biāo)”、“中國名牌”、“國家免檢產(chǎn)品”和“國家出口商品免驗(yàn)”等榮譽(yù)于一身的特步(中國)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)。(xtep.com.cn/)

Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:

Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. 

3.2.3 Clutural translation errors

What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.

In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.

Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.

Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.

In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.

Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.

As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龍的傳人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龍” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龍” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外貿(mào)企業(yè)為龍頭” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.

Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.

Example[5]: 該廠能生產(chǎn)大衣、西裝、時(shí)裝、襯衣、毛衣等不同類型服裝用的上千個(gè)花色品種的紐扣,產(chǎn)品規(guī)格齊全,品種繁多,造型新穎。(lxbutton.com/)

Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.

Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.

It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province

There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.

4.1 Functional translation errors

4.1.1 Problem of length

The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.

Example [6]: 進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)后,娃哈哈已擁有了雄厚的產(chǎn)品自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力,在雄厚的資金保障下,通過引進(jìn)國際最先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備技術(shù),進(jìn)行消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新,使公司擁有強(qiáng)大的核心競爭能力。同時(shí),通過自主開發(fā)營養(yǎng)快線等系列創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品,廣開銷路,實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)發(fā)展,行業(yè)龍頭地位日益穩(wěn)固。目前,娃哈哈正在不斷擴(kuò)大投資規(guī)模,不斷自主創(chuàng)新,向著世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)的目標(biāo)闊步前進(jìn)!(劃線部分為錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn))(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)

    Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.

We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新”,“自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:

Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。

Example [7]: 東方機(jī)械位于風(fēng)景秀麗、物產(chǎn)豐富、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)、文化繁榮,素有江南“魚米、皮革之鄉(xiāng)”美稱的錢塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)

Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.

Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)

Example [8]: 2003年初,公司為滿足國內(nèi)市場對專用車的需要,及時(shí)調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)并成立的專用車公司,在做穩(wěn)、做強(qiáng)客車的同時(shí),投巨資實(shí)施專用車項(xiàng)目,精心打造有洛陽宇通特色的專用車產(chǎn)品,本著“低端切人、高端占領(lǐng)”的原則,經(jīng)過精心籌備,四大系列產(chǎn)品即混凝土攪拌車系列、散裝水泥車系列、加油車系列、灑水車系列一經(jīng)投放市場,便以其全新的設(shè)計(jì)、優(yōu)美的造型、細(xì)膩的工藝贏得了市場的青睞。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)

Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.

Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.

4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern

In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.

Example [9]: 引進(jìn)大量的科技管理人才,成立“真愛集團(tuán)人才聯(lián)誼會(huì)” 形成“重知識,重人才” 的良好氣氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)

Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.

Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.

Example  [10]:

(1)醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)

Medical ethics

(2)全體員工精誠團(tuán)結(jié),上下一心

All the staffs unite absolute sincerity

(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。

Disobey orders and defy prohibition.

In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“風(fēng)”. The Chinese“精誠團(tuán)結(jié)”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.

Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“進(jìn)入飯店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “進(jìn)入飯店,帶來…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.

4.2 Linguistic translation errors

A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).

4.2.1 Spelling errors

Example [11]: 本公司始終堅(jiān)持以“質(zhì)量為本,科技創(chuàng)新,優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù),環(huán)保產(chǎn)品”為發(fā)展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)

Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Example [12]:“成功電子” 以擁有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通過我們不斷的努力使您以使用“成功電子” 產(chǎn)品而驕傲。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation

Example[13]: 公司自創(chuàng)辦以來,不斷擴(kuò)大規(guī)模,更新產(chǎn)品的種類。歡迎各中外客商前來共創(chuàng)商機(jī)! (rx-china.com/)

Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.

Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!

Example [14]: 本公司經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)品廣泛用于通訊設(shè)備、家用電器、儀器儀表、數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品行業(yè)、電子玩具以及工業(yè)自動(dòng)化設(shè)備等各種領(lǐng)域, 在電子行業(yè)有很高的聲譽(yù)。(zszyss.com/)

Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.

Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.

4.2.3 Incorrect word translation

Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘揚(yáng)、推廣中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化和與之相結(jié)合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有關(guān)部門指定為外交部國禮系列圖書國內(nèi)外主要發(fā)行單位之一。(zylp.com/)

Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .

Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Example [16]: 百果園占地面積20 畝,花園式布局,生產(chǎn)車間4800m²,設(shè)有原料、粗加工、成品、包裝、冷藏、鍋爐等生產(chǎn)車間。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)

Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.

Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.

4.2.4 Illogical arrangement

Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.

Example [17]:(本單位)成立于1988年,是經(jīng)國家建設(shè)部批準(zhǔn),專業(yè)從事地基與基礎(chǔ)工程施工的壹級企業(yè)。(richelevator.com/hz/)

Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.

Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.

Example [18]: 公司非常重視對員工隊(duì)伍素質(zhì)的培訓(xùn)工作,專門成立了人力資源部,對員工進(jìn)行操作技術(shù)、專業(yè)技能、安全生產(chǎn)、市場意識、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量等方面的培訓(xùn)。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.

Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.

4.3 Cultural translation errors 

When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.

Example[19]: 公司于2000年順利通過ISO9001: 2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證,形成了一套完整的質(zhì)量保障體系,2002年11月被中國輕工業(yè)質(zhì)量認(rèn)證中心授予 “環(huán)保陶瓷”稱號。(.cn/)

Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.

  In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證,“環(huán)保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.

5.Conclusion

It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.

In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.

However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.

Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 熊艾莎. 義烏網(wǎng)站英譯常見錯(cuò)誤及其對策分析 [D]. 義烏工商學(xué)院外語系研究生論文, 2006(1).

[2] 何森梅. 從目的論中看中文企業(yè)網(wǎng)站的英譯策略 [J].黎明職業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2008(1).

[3] 韓孟其. 與目的論相悖的企業(yè)網(wǎng)頁翻譯 [J].中國航空工業(yè)管理學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版), 2008(109).

[4] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

[5] 梁丁強(qiáng). 目的論與企業(yè)簡介的翻譯原則及策略-以中國企業(yè)的英文簡介為例 [D]. 揚(yáng)州大學(xué)英語系研究生論文, 2008.

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[8] Vermeer, H. J. Skopos and Commission in Translational Action [M]. New York: Gardner Press 2000: 221-232.

[9] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

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[12] 張麗玲. 從目的論討論中英廣告翻譯中的差異 [D]. 暨南大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 2007.

[13] 王娜. 從功能翻譯理論看中國企業(yè)簡介的翻譯 [D]. 首都師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 2006.

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[15] Toury,G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shnahgai:Shnahgai  Foreign Language  Education Press,2001.

[16] Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.

[17] Mary, Snell-Hornby. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.

[18] 譚載喜. 新編奈達(dá)論翻譯 [M]. 北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,1999.

[19] 崔勝湘. 根據(jù)目的進(jìn)行翻譯 [D]. 國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué) 碩士學(xué)位論文, 2004.

 

誠 信 承 諾

我謹(jǐn)在此承諾:本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《外貿(mào)公司網(wǎng)站英譯研究之目的論視角》均系本人獨(dú)立完成,沒有抄襲行為,凡涉及其他作者的觀點(diǎn)和材料,均作了注釋,若有不實(shí),后果由本人承擔(dān)。

篇5

高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱明確指出:“畢業(yè)論文是考查學(xué)生綜合能力,評估學(xué)業(yè)成績的一個(gè)重要方式?!碑厴I(yè)論文一般應(yīng)用英語撰寫,長度為3,000―5,000個(gè)單詞,要求文字通順,思路清晰,內(nèi)容充實(shí),有一定的獨(dú)立見解。由此不難看出,畢業(yè)論文在整個(gè)英語教學(xué)和英語學(xué)習(xí)中占舉足輕重的地位。摘要又稱概要或內(nèi)容提要,是論文中不可或缺的一部分,是對論文主要內(nèi)容進(jìn)行的簡單、易懂、精辟的概括總結(jié)。摘要的四個(gè)要素分別是研究目的、研究方法、研究內(nèi)容、研究結(jié)果,這也是英文摘要的核心內(nèi)容[1]。論文的英文摘要適應(yīng)了信息時(shí)代電子文獻(xiàn)檢索機(jī)構(gòu)的要求,是國際學(xué)術(shù)交流的重要橋梁。英文摘要的形成是一個(gè)由漢語摘要向英文翻譯的轉(zhuǎn)化過程,其質(zhì)量反映了翻譯的水平,在一定程度上也對論文的交流產(chǎn)生影響[2];同時(shí)英文摘要的語言質(zhì)量直接影響了論文本身的信度[3],因此,我們可以毫不夸張地說,論文的英文摘要是英語專業(yè)學(xué)生綜合英語能力的主要表現(xiàn)形式之一,也是衡量其英語水平的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。

一、研究對象與研究方法

以我院英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)生的存檔畢業(yè)論文為研究對象,從中隨機(jī)抽取了40份,論文內(nèi)容涉及語言學(xué)(7份)、文學(xué)(12份)、翻譯(9份)、文化(6份)及教學(xué)(6份)等五個(gè)不同方面。學(xué)生畢業(yè)后大多數(shù)在外企或者中學(xué)就業(yè),其英語水平直接影響對外貿(mào)易的結(jié)果及中小學(xué)的英語教學(xué)效果,因此該研究就顯得更加重要了。通過認(rèn)真研讀學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的英文摘要,我側(cè)重研究其內(nèi)容是否合乎要求,語言是否流暢通順、符合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣等問題,并且根據(jù)研究所發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題提出可行對策,以便切實(shí)提高學(xué)生的語言綜合能力,提高其執(zhí)教能力。

二、結(jié)果分析

(一)在內(nèi)容方面存在的問題

關(guān)于摘要的內(nèi)容,首先研究其是否具備應(yīng)有的四個(gè)要素,以及各個(gè)因素在摘要中出現(xiàn)的頻率,具體情況見表1和表2。

學(xué)生的論文摘要在內(nèi)容的完整性上還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不符合要求,只有四分之一的摘要涵蓋了所需的四個(gè)要素,將近一半的摘要寫出了大部分內(nèi)容,其他的摘要未免過于簡單,多余的部分就都是不必要的重復(fù),這與摘要語言簡明扼要的特點(diǎn)是相悖的。

表2表明,摘要中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是研究目的,其次就是研究內(nèi)容和研究結(jié)果,頻率最低的是研究方法,可見學(xué)生對于自己使用何種方法來展開研究不是十分清楚,沒有恰當(dāng)有效的研究方法做保障,那么研究結(jié)果的可信度就會(huì)大打折扣。

(二)在語言表達(dá)方面存在的問題

關(guān)于語言表達(dá),本文主要側(cè)重研究其詞語/短語是否運(yùn)用恰當(dāng),詞語的語體是否合適,句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理等問題,具體結(jié)果見表3和表4。

摘要的語言要正式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、書面化,避免使用非正式的詞語,由表3可以看到,在學(xué)生的論文摘要中非正式詞語數(shù)量還是很多的,說明學(xué)生在這方面沒有給予足夠的重視。文體猶如四季,有其鮮明的標(biāo)記,古希臘哲學(xué)家亞里士多德在其《修辭學(xué)》一書中提出:既不要把重大的事情說得很隨便,又不要把瑣碎的小事說得冠冕堂皇。[4]200―201在外語寫作或者翻譯中最容易出錯(cuò)的地方不是語法,又不是詞匯,而是詞語的搭配(He「one who writes or speaks in a foreign languagewill be “caught” out every time,not by his grammar ... not by his vocabulary ... but by his unacceptable or improbable collocations.)。[5]85因此,要想用詞地道,搭配合理,就需要日積月累,逐步培養(yǎng)良好的英語語感?;煜~語的詞性或者用錯(cuò)介詞、漏掉介詞這些失誤都是語言基本功不夠扎實(shí),以及不了解英漢差異的表現(xiàn),這些看似簡單實(shí)則繁瑣的地方往往最容易被學(xué)生忽視。

由表4可以看出,摘要中以第一人稱作主語的句子數(shù)量很少,更多的是使用抽象的名詞作主語,即無生命主語,這樣作者就可以盡可能地遠(yuǎn)離評價(jià)行為,而把評價(jià)的任務(wù)交給抽象實(shí)體,如研究的課題或其結(jié)果;被評價(jià)的對象似乎成了世界的本來事實(shí),離作者很遠(yuǎn),因而顯得無可爭議和客觀化。[6]30這種做法與學(xué)生的論文寫作課程及教師的指導(dǎo)有關(guān)。相對漢語而言,英語更習(xí)慣使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),而在調(diào)查的英文摘要中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子少之又少,這同樣是受母語負(fù)遷移的影響,對英漢差異不甚了解所造成的。

當(dāng)代美國著名翻譯理論家奈達(dá)在其Translating Meaning(1983)一書中指出:就漢語和英語而言,也許在語言學(xué)上最重要的一個(gè)區(qū)別,就是形合與意合的對比。漢語的哲學(xué)背景是儒、道、佛的悟性,用詞造句成章的最大特點(diǎn)是意合法,重意義組合而輕形式結(jié)構(gòu),讓讀者和聽者領(lǐng)悟其中的意義和關(guān)系;詞沒有嚴(yán)格意義的形態(tài)變化;句子不受嚴(yán)格的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛,少用或不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。而英語的哲學(xué)背景是亞里士多德的形式邏輯,以及十六至十八世紀(jì)風(fēng)行歐洲的理性主義,其用詞造句成章的最大特點(diǎn)是形合法,重形式結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào);詞有嚴(yán)格的形態(tài)變化,用詞強(qiáng)調(diào)人稱、數(shù)、格的一致;句子受嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹髦^結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)一致的制約,多用關(guān)聯(lián)詞,句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,猶如參天大樹,而學(xué)生摘要中的復(fù)雜句子使用頻率偏低,即使是復(fù)合句,也往往存在很多問題,諸如關(guān)聯(lián)詞使用不當(dāng),或者省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞等。

三、對論文寫作及論文指導(dǎo)的啟示

1.強(qiáng)化英漢對比知識。對于學(xué)習(xí)中常見的一些語言現(xiàn)象,學(xué)生已經(jīng)熟悉了所謂“習(xí)慣用法”的解釋,長此以往,他們語言學(xué)習(xí)的積極性與主動(dòng)性肯定會(huì)受到影響。英漢屬于不同的語系,熟悉兩者之間的差異會(huì)使得英語學(xué)習(xí)事半功倍,正所謂“授人以魚不如授人以漁”。掌握了正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法,了解了其中的奧妙所在,學(xué)生的語言水平就會(huì)發(fā)生質(zhì)的變化。

2.加強(qiáng)日常大聲朗讀的訓(xùn)練。漢語中常把“看書”稱為“讀書”,顧名思義,大聲朗讀,書讀百遍,其義自現(xiàn)。朗讀可以調(diào)動(dòng)口、耳、眼、腦等多個(gè)器官一起參與復(fù)雜的思維活動(dòng),極大地提高思維的速度并增強(qiáng)效果。同時(shí),朗讀可以激活語言的美感與樂感,強(qiáng)化語感,正確、流暢而富有美感的朗讀能使學(xué)習(xí)者得到聽覺享受,增進(jìn)大腦記憶,增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)造性[7]100―102,從而提高英語學(xué)習(xí)的效率。

3.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語體意識?!安煌捏w裁類型中,措辭、句法結(jié)構(gòu)、成文結(jié)構(gòu)、語體風(fēng)格等都是各不相同的”[8]85。文體學(xué)認(rèn)為,言語事件發(fā)生的語境不同,人們相對使用語言的情況也就不相同。為適應(yīng)特定語境而運(yùn)用不同的語言特征系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成語言的不同功能變體(語體)[9]122。因此,教師在教學(xué)中要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語體意識,學(xué)會(huì)隨著語境場合的變化來選擇合適的詞語,避免發(fā)生語體錯(cuò)位的現(xiàn)象。

4.培養(yǎng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、認(rèn)真的科研態(tài)度。有些在論文摘要中出現(xiàn)的失誤,稍加注意是完全可以避免的。因此,無論教師還是學(xué)生都必須端正態(tài)度,認(rèn)真嚴(yán)肅地對待論文寫作,將不必要的錯(cuò)誤降低到最少,提高論文寫作的質(zhì)量。

既然稱之為英語專業(yè),那么對學(xué)生的英語語言能力方面就應(yīng)該有更高的要求,這是英語專業(yè)學(xué)生基本、首要的要求,怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過[10]216。通過對學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文英文摘要的調(diào)查,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些內(nèi)容和語言方面的問題,這些也是普遍存在的問題,不僅影響了論文的質(zhì)量,而且嚴(yán)重影響了課堂教學(xué)的效果,因此,值得引起廣大師生的關(guān)注。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]陸元雯.基于語料庫的英文論文摘要的語言特點(diǎn)研究[J].外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2009,(11).

[2]高艷,毛忠明.期刊英文摘要常見錯(cuò)誤剖析[J].大連海事大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2008,(8).

[3]潘,簡慶閩.外語類學(xué)術(shù)期刊論文錯(cuò)失析評[J].外語與外語教學(xué),2008,(1).

[4]毛榮貴.英譯漢技巧新編[M].外文出版社,2003.

[5]陳宏薇,李亞丹.新編漢英翻譯[M].上海外語教育出版社,2009.

[6]云紅.論文摘要中作者身份的顯與隱――一項(xiàng)基于2008醫(yī)學(xué)與語言學(xué)國際學(xué)術(shù)期刊的修辭性研究[J].外語教學(xué),2009,(9).

[7]毛榮貴.翻譯美學(xué)[M].上海交通大學(xué)出版社,2005.

[8]朱怡.論文摘要語篇視閾下英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的綜合概括能力探究[J].中國外語,2008,(7).

[9]朱建祥.科技論文摘要翻譯探討[J].商丘師范學(xué)報(bào),2003,(8).

篇6

教育部辦公廳在2004年4月發(fā)出《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)普通高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作的通知》,通知中強(qiáng)調(diào):畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)旨在培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生探索真理,強(qiáng)化社會(huì)意識,提高綜合實(shí)踐能力,是衡量教學(xué)水平,學(xué)生畢業(yè)與學(xué)位資格認(rèn)證的重要依據(jù)。教育部在2009年的《普通高等學(xué)校本科教學(xué)工作水平評估方案》中再次明確要求本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)“選題要緊密結(jié)合生產(chǎn)和社會(huì)實(shí)際,難度工作量適當(dāng),體現(xiàn)專業(yè)綜合訓(xùn)練要求”。從2010年起至今北京城市學(xué)院國際語言文化學(xué)部英語(國際商務(wù))專業(yè)進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的改革研究與實(shí)踐。結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)管理與指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐,作者對積累的一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)和存在的問題進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

一、高校商務(wù)英語專業(yè)(方向)畢業(yè)論文的現(xiàn)狀

高校商務(wù)英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文選題學(xué)術(shù)氣氛濃厚、重復(fù)率高。多集中于“商務(wù)談判的技巧”、“商標(biāo)的翻譯策略”、“商務(wù)廣告的語言特色”等,與商務(wù)實(shí)踐密切相關(guān)的文章寥寥無幾。學(xué)生在選題上還是側(cè)重于文學(xué)和文化,沒有充分體現(xiàn)出商務(wù)英語的專業(yè)方向性。多數(shù)的商務(wù)英語專業(yè)學(xué)生寫作內(nèi)容脫離實(shí)際,沒有注重畢業(yè)論文的自身價(jià)值與實(shí)際意義。缺乏實(shí)證分析,不會(huì)運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識對實(shí)際問題進(jìn)行研究,有的同學(xué)撰寫的內(nèi)容與將來所從事的商務(wù)活動(dòng)毫無關(guān)系。大多數(shù)學(xué)生都是根據(jù)指導(dǎo)教師布置的論文題目獨(dú)自搜索文獻(xiàn)、分析整理資料、缺乏了團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作、限制了思想火花的碰撞。如果畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)能夠以團(tuán)隊(duì)的形式來完成撰寫必將對學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力、團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作能力、組織與溝通交流能力的提升起到非常大的幫助。

二、商務(wù)英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文改革探索與實(shí)踐

1.畢業(yè)論文改革的形式和內(nèi)容。

掌握商務(wù)文書的基本知識、寫作方法、寫作技能,能運(yùn)用嫻熟、得心應(yīng)手地撰寫各類商務(wù)文書是衡量現(xiàn)代商務(wù)工作者的素質(zhì)、能力的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)我校英語專業(yè)國際商務(wù)方向?qū)W生實(shí)際情況和商務(wù)文書撰寫的難易程度,英語(國際商務(wù))學(xué)生選擇商務(wù)報(bào)告中的調(diào)查報(bào)告(SurveyReport)開展畢業(yè)論文改革。調(diào)查報(bào)告具體要求:調(diào)查報(bào)告由2人共同完成,學(xué)生需進(jìn)行社會(huì)調(diào)查、訪談或其他調(diào)研方式。要求調(diào)查報(bào)告的字?jǐn)?shù)不少于5000字英文,其中含1000字中文概要,調(diào)查問卷樣卷和訪談提綱樣卷為中英文對照版。

2.行業(yè)人士進(jìn)行調(diào)查報(bào)告撰寫的指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)。

為了幫助學(xué)生更好地掌握商務(wù)文書的撰寫規(guī)范,行文要求,專業(yè)安排了行業(yè)人士對調(diào)研報(bào)告的撰寫進(jìn)行了指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)。調(diào)查報(bào)告撰寫的培訓(xùn)方案:調(diào)查報(bào)告撰寫指導(dǎo)分為三部分:第一部分對調(diào)查報(bào)告的定義、結(jié)構(gòu)、撰寫過程進(jìn)行宏觀指導(dǎo);第二部分主要講解調(diào)查報(bào)告的研究方法、資料的收集與研究、問卷和訪談內(nèi)容的設(shè)計(jì);第三部分調(diào)查報(bào)告的選題和開題指導(dǎo)。

3.調(diào)查報(bào)告雙導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)的管理與監(jiān)控。

畢業(yè)論文“雙導(dǎo)師制”指導(dǎo)模式是依據(jù)北京城市學(xué)院辦學(xué)目標(biāo)和特色,結(jié)合商務(wù)英語專業(yè)學(xué)生特點(diǎn),通過校內(nèi)英語指導(dǎo)教師與來自其他學(xué)院跨學(xué)科或者行業(yè)的合作導(dǎo)師“雙導(dǎo)師”聯(lián)合指導(dǎo),重點(diǎn)實(shí)施理論學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)、調(diào)研環(huán)節(jié)、理論與實(shí)踐整合環(huán)節(jié)等雙導(dǎo)師式培養(yǎng)的畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)模式。選題環(huán)節(jié)。畢業(yè)論文的選題是做好畢業(yè)論文工作的首要環(huán)節(jié),指導(dǎo)教師嚴(yán)格把好選題關(guān)是保證畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的前提條件。校外合作導(dǎo)師提出若干個(gè)用人單位在實(shí)際工作操作中遇到的真實(shí)問題。畢業(yè)論文選題來自于實(shí)際工作過程中的問題,既體現(xiàn)了實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值,又能很好地鍛煉學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力。理論學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)。為了讓學(xué)生有更充裕的時(shí)間進(jìn)入第七學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)和第八學(xué)期工作崗位的實(shí)習(xí),我們將理論環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí)提前到夏季小學(xué)期。由校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師和行業(yè)合作導(dǎo)師進(jìn)行聯(lián)合講解。學(xué)生在雙導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下,完成選題、開題報(bào)告準(zhǔn)備等環(huán)節(jié)。調(diào)研實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)。在夏季小學(xué)期結(jié)束后的暑期,學(xué)生要開展為期約4周的調(diào)研活動(dòng)。在調(diào)研實(shí)習(xí)期間,由實(shí)習(xí)單位的校外指導(dǎo)教師,監(jiān)督和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的調(diào)研實(shí)習(xí)實(shí)踐活動(dòng),補(bǔ)充學(xué)生理論學(xué)習(xí)的缺陷,提高學(xué)生商務(wù)實(shí)操能力。在這一環(huán)節(jié),校內(nèi)英語指導(dǎo)教師也需要及時(shí)與校外指導(dǎo)老師溝通,協(xié)助學(xué)生完成調(diào)研實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)。理論與實(shí)踐整合環(huán)節(jié)。學(xué)生在調(diào)研實(shí)踐活動(dòng)后,即完成問卷發(fā)放和訪談活動(dòng),回到學(xué)校進(jìn)行調(diào)研報(bào)告的撰寫。學(xué)生需要在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)聽取校內(nèi)英語指導(dǎo)教師和校外指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)建議,展開數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以及調(diào)研報(bào)告的撰寫。雙導(dǎo)師綜合評定給出畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的成績。答辯環(huán)節(jié)。采用校內(nèi)老師和行業(yè)人士聯(lián)合組成答辯專家組,對調(diào)查報(bào)告中涉及的理論環(huán)節(jié)和實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行全面系統(tǒng)的提問,雙導(dǎo)師以及答辯專家組綜合評定后給出每組同學(xué)畢業(yè)論文成績。對于學(xué)生各項(xiàng)成績的評定,第一指導(dǎo)教師占總成績的60%,第二指導(dǎo)教師占40%。專業(yè)要求學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)完成情況嚴(yán)格進(jìn)行前期、中期檢查與考核。如果因?yàn)榻處熤笇?dǎo)不力,學(xué)生沒有圓滿完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),將追究校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師的責(zé)任。對于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作不認(rèn)真、投入不夠、完成質(zhì)量差而又達(dá)不到專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的學(xué)生,學(xué)部將根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要求的有關(guān)規(guī)定嚴(yán)肅處理。畢業(yè)論文“雙導(dǎo)師制”指導(dǎo)模式強(qiáng)調(diào)了基礎(chǔ)理論知識和專業(yè)實(shí)踐知識的有機(jī)結(jié)合,彌補(bǔ)了高校英語教師缺乏商務(wù)實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的弊病。“雙導(dǎo)師制”將顯著增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的專業(yè)能力和社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力,使得學(xué)生在進(jìn)入企業(yè)后,能夠更快地適應(yīng)環(huán)境,從而直接進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)。學(xué)生通過這種模式的訓(xùn)練,鞏固發(fā)展了專業(yè)知識和技能,也為日后的就業(yè)打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

4.調(diào)查報(bào)告的評審標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要適當(dāng)調(diào)整。

畢業(yè)論文評價(jià)體系是引導(dǎo)畢業(yè)論文工作的杠桿和指揮棒。重點(diǎn)考察學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的原創(chuàng)性、實(shí)效性,即畢業(yè)論文必須是學(xué)生經(jīng)過努力研究真實(shí)做出來的,解決了實(shí)際工作中的某一個(gè)問題,比較真實(shí)地反映了學(xué)生的實(shí)際工作能力與水平。在評價(jià)程序上,整個(gè)撰寫過程采用雙導(dǎo)師(校內(nèi)英語教師與行業(yè)專家)綜合評定和指導(dǎo),在評審的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)均采用英語教師和行業(yè)專家雙評審制度。評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也相應(yīng)地區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)論文,例如在選題上要評定“選題是否具有較強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,符合實(shí)踐性、科學(xué)性、創(chuàng)新性要求”;調(diào)查問卷的設(shè)計(jì)上要評定“調(diào)查問卷的結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)科學(xué)、合理,較為清楚地說明調(diào)查問卷的發(fā)放及回收情況”;數(shù)據(jù)綜合分析能力上要評定“能夠靈活運(yùn)用多種形式的圖表對調(diào)查問卷所得結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)、科學(xué)、有效分析”;在調(diào)查報(bào)告整體質(zhì)量上要評定“研究結(jié)果摘要部分:論述清晰;正文部分:理論運(yùn)用正確,數(shù)據(jù)分析科學(xué)、合理,論述充分,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),條理清晰;結(jié)論與建議部分:結(jié)論正確,具有創(chuàng)新性,實(shí)用性。調(diào)查報(bào)告結(jié)果具有一定的參考、應(yīng)用價(jià)值。全文專業(yè)術(shù)語使用準(zhǔn)確。符號統(tǒng)一,編號齊全,書寫規(guī)范,圖表完備、整潔、正確”;畢業(yè)論文的答辯和評審標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都結(jié)合實(shí)際進(jìn)行了適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整以保證評價(jià)的得體性和公平性。

三、政策建議

1.深化畢業(yè)論文以及配套商務(wù)英語教學(xué)改革。

商務(wù)英語專業(yè)應(yīng)該以畢業(yè)論文改革為契機(jī),不斷深化商務(wù)英語教學(xué)改革,整合各種實(shí)踐教學(xué)資源,使教學(xué)理論、人才培養(yǎng)模式與人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)達(dá)成一致。在商務(wù)英語教學(xué)過程中,可以采取多種方式培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的商務(wù)實(shí)踐能力和創(chuàng)新能力,例如不斷加強(qiáng)校企合作力度;學(xué)校與企業(yè)和政府建立實(shí)踐教學(xué)合作關(guān)系;請行業(yè)專家到學(xué)校授課或開辦講座;提倡英語教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生到企業(yè)現(xiàn)場教學(xué);鼓勵(lì)英語社團(tuán)組織承接社會(huì)項(xiàng)目;等等。

2.加強(qiáng)實(shí)踐型教師隊(duì)伍建設(shè)。

學(xué)校要通過各種途徑增強(qiáng)教師實(shí)踐意識和實(shí)踐能力的培養(yǎng),例如,鼓勵(lì)教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生參加社會(huì)課題研究、對專業(yè)教師進(jìn)行實(shí)踐教學(xué)培訓(xùn)等,并且納入對教師的考核體系中;學(xué)校派青年教師到企事業(yè)單位、外企外貿(mào)公司掛職鍛煉,以此來增進(jìn)教師對社會(huì)的了解,要求教師在授課的過程中滲透實(shí)踐內(nèi)容,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力和創(chuàng)新意識。學(xué)校也可以將具有創(chuàng)業(yè)經(jīng)歷和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的各類人員融入到教師隊(duì)伍里。通過上述措施,強(qiáng)化學(xué)校的實(shí)踐人才培養(yǎng)特色,加快相關(guān)教學(xué)方法的改進(jìn)與教學(xué)條件的改善步伐。

3.畢業(yè)論文的體裁和形式多樣化。

畢業(yè)論文體裁可以多樣化,充分體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力和專業(yè)特點(diǎn),體裁不僅局限于傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)論文,而且可以將其拓展為商務(wù)實(shí)用文書的撰寫和商務(wù)情景的模擬。前者包括標(biāo)書的撰寫、市場調(diào)查報(bào)告、廣告策劃、營銷方案等,后者包括商務(wù)談判、國際會(huì)展、商務(wù)洽談、產(chǎn)品推薦會(huì)情景模擬等。畢業(yè)論文的各種體裁和形式均采用團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作的模式,使學(xué)生能夠各盡所長、發(fā)揮集體的智慧。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[2]教育部.教育部辦公廳關(guān)于加強(qiáng)普通高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作的通知(教高廳[2004]14號)[R].

[3]李志生.建筑工程招投標(biāo)實(shí)務(wù)與案例分析[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2011.

[4]劉曉輝,魏俊玲.淺談經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化中商務(wù)英語人才的培養(yǎng)[J].中國商貿(mào),2009,(15).

篇7

[中圖分類號]H193.6[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A[文章編號]1672-8610(2016)01-0132-03

本科畢業(yè)論文是實(shí)現(xiàn)本科培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)要求的重要教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),也是檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)與實(shí)踐能力培養(yǎng)效果的手段,還是評價(jià)學(xué)校教育質(zhì)量和辦學(xué)水平的重要標(biāo)尺。獨(dú)立學(xué)院作為我國高等學(xué)校本科辦學(xué)模式的新生力量,主要以培養(yǎng)素質(zhì)高、能力強(qiáng)、會(huì)創(chuàng)新、能創(chuàng)業(yè)的高級應(yīng)用型人才為目標(biāo)。畢業(yè)論文反映獨(dú)立學(xué)院內(nèi)涵建設(shè)的水平,關(guān)系學(xué)校的辦學(xué)聲譽(yù)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

一、問題的提出與研究現(xiàn)狀

目前,我國高校大部分獨(dú)立學(xué)院都以“應(yīng)用型”作為人才培養(yǎng)主要目標(biāo)之一,課程設(shè)置方面也在一定程度上做出了與母體學(xué)校相區(qū)別的設(shè)置,但在畢業(yè)論文這一環(huán)節(jié)卻多半沒有明顯的區(qū)分度,尤其是文科語言類的專業(yè),依然以撰寫學(xué)術(shù)論文的形式存在。學(xué)習(xí)過程中側(cè)重實(shí)踐與應(yīng)用,但在畢業(yè)論文環(huán)節(jié)又繞回到了重理論與學(xué)術(shù)研究的狀態(tài),此種矛盾不僅困擾了眾多的學(xué)生,也令許多論文指導(dǎo)老師一籌莫展。學(xué)生在撰寫畢業(yè)論文的過程中困難重重,較常見的問題有:科研經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足、科研興趣偏低、選題困難、難以創(chuàng)新等。論文指導(dǎo)老師抱怨較多的方面則是:學(xué)生邏輯論證能力差、閱讀量太少、科研語言表達(dá)能力欠缺、學(xué)術(shù)論文格式規(guī)范度不高、畏難情緒嚴(yán)重、主動(dòng)性不夠等。從師生兩方面反映的困難不難看出,諸多問題的存在與課程設(shè)置、學(xué)習(xí)過程中缺乏與撰寫學(xué)術(shù)論文相應(yīng)的支撐有密切關(guān)系。也可以理解為:畢業(yè)論文的撰寫形式與培養(yǎng)過程中重實(shí)踐與應(yīng)用的模式不匹配。為此,相繼有學(xué)者對獨(dú)立學(xué)院的本科畢業(yè)論文改革展開研究。在知網(wǎng)的搜索顯示,關(guān)于本科畢業(yè)論文改革的文章,以“獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文”為關(guān)鍵詞的論文有22篇,時(shí)間段集中在2008年至2014年,平均每年為3.6篇。而以“獨(dú)立學(xué)院英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文”為關(guān)鍵詞的有關(guān)論文為3篇,研究角度集中在寫作過程調(diào)查、問題與對策等方面。有青年學(xué)者提出以配音講解作品替代學(xué)術(shù)論文的做法。[1]147-150也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為畢業(yè)論文要與社會(huì)接軌。[2]123甚至還有學(xué)者對畢業(yè)論文與實(shí)習(xí)和就業(yè)一體化模式進(jìn)行了探討,主張畢業(yè)論文的選題與學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)、就業(yè)緊密相關(guān)外,還提出學(xué)生可用外語類職業(yè)資格證書、國家級競賽獲獎(jiǎng)證書等方式申請免撰寫畢業(yè)論文。[3]99-102與此相對應(yīng)的,公立院校針對本科畢業(yè)論文改革進(jìn)行研究的論文則高達(dá)上萬篇,時(shí)間也要久遠(yuǎn)得多,有專門針對理工科專業(yè)的,如《電子信息專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革實(shí)踐》[4]84-87,也有專門針對文科專業(yè)的,如《畢業(yè)論文改革:高校新聞本科教育改革的切入點(diǎn)》。[5]110-112姑且不論獨(dú)立學(xué)院是20世紀(jì)80年代的新生事物,但相關(guān)研究論文絕對量較少,是否就意味著獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文改革的重要性偏低,必要性不具備呢?答案是否定的。課題小組以南國商學(xué)院英語類本科專業(yè)2013屆、2014屆和2015屆連續(xù)三屆畢業(yè)生為研究對象開展的重點(diǎn)校級課題中所采集的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示:應(yīng)用型本科學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文改革勢在必行。

二、項(xiàng)目研究設(shè)計(jì)

本課題的目的在于結(jié)合學(xué)校英語類本科專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況,提出改革的方案,進(jìn)行改革實(shí)踐,推動(dòng)獨(dú)立學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文科學(xué)發(fā)展。據(jù)此,特?cái)M定了如下研究內(nèi)容:一是審視學(xué)校的人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標(biāo),究其是否與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展需求相吻合;二是考察本專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案,看其中的課程設(shè)置是否與學(xué)生必須具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和能力結(jié)構(gòu)相沖突。三是采取試驗(yàn)實(shí)踐的方法,了解學(xué)生對其他形式的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是否感興趣,具體做法包括:引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在大學(xué)期間積極寫作,爭取在省級及以上刊物公開;鼓勵(lì)翻譯專業(yè)的學(xué)生從事翻譯實(shí)踐并撰寫翻譯體會(huì);提倡商務(wù)英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生開展市場調(diào)查并撰寫調(diào)研報(bào)告;幫助英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生從事跨文化比較研究。

三、項(xiàng)目研究過程與研究結(jié)果

本課題研究的過程是通過審視學(xué)校人才培養(yǎng)方案和培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)、考察專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案和開展為期三年的試驗(yàn)實(shí)踐的方式進(jìn)行,最終通過分析試驗(yàn)和調(diào)查問卷數(shù)據(jù),得出研究的結(jié)果。

(一)研究過程

1.審視學(xué)校人才培養(yǎng)方案和培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)。審視學(xué)校的人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標(biāo),究其是否與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展需求相吻合。學(xué)校以“通基礎(chǔ)、精專業(yè)、強(qiáng)外語、重實(shí)踐”為人才培養(yǎng)模式,致力于培養(yǎng)“應(yīng)用型、復(fù)合型、外向型”人才??梢?,在培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)方面總體上符合地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展對獨(dú)立學(xué)院人才培養(yǎng)的期望。2.考察專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案。考察本專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案,看其中的課程設(shè)置是否與學(xué)生必須具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和能力結(jié)構(gòu)相沖突。2013屆的英語專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案中,在三年級之前閱讀和寫作課程分別開設(shè)了兩個(gè)學(xué)期,之后再無寫作課程。也就是課程設(shè)置中并無有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的課程,但學(xué)生畢業(yè)之時(shí)要求撰寫畢業(yè)論文。2014屆和2015屆的人才培養(yǎng)方案中,閱讀和寫作課程依然在低年級各開設(shè)了兩個(gè)學(xué)期,但在三年級第二學(xué)期均開設(shè)了文獻(xiàn)檢索與論文寫作課程。這意味著學(xué)生剛開始學(xué)習(xí)如何撰寫學(xué)術(shù)論文就要開始撰寫畢業(yè)論文了。此外,學(xué)校本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作管理辦法中明確規(guī)定了論文指導(dǎo)老師的職責(zé)和畢業(yè)論文的格式等主要內(nèi)容,可以理解為撰寫學(xué)術(shù)論文是完成畢業(yè)論文的唯一形式。顯然,專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案中的課程設(shè)置與畢業(yè)檢測形式不匹配,與應(yīng)用型人才的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)不一致。3.開展畢業(yè)論文改革實(shí)踐。針對人才培養(yǎng)方案的不足,在畢業(yè)論文論文撰寫階段采取試驗(yàn)實(shí)踐的方法,幫助學(xué)生開展不同形式的論文撰寫,突出實(shí)踐性和應(yīng)用性。一是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在大學(xué)期間積極寫作,爭取在省級及以上刊物公開。凡是在本學(xué)科省級(含以上)刊物發(fā)表文章、譯文的,且文章字?jǐn)?shù)與畢業(yè)論文字?jǐn)?shù)相當(dāng)(約5000字),無論文章使用的語言是中文還是英文,只要在答辯前出刊,均可直接參與全英文答辯。選擇公開的同學(xué)在開題時(shí)填寫《本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃書》,內(nèi)容要素與畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告書有較大不同,內(nèi)容有“擬撰寫字?jǐn)?shù)”、“論文內(nèi)容概要”、“擬發(fā)表刊物等級”和“進(jìn)程安排”等方面。計(jì)劃書通過后,在論文指導(dǎo)老師的引導(dǎo)下,完成論文的撰寫與發(fā)表,最后經(jīng)學(xué)院學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì)審定能達(dá)到畢業(yè)論文要求的,允許參與答辯。二是鼓勵(lì)翻譯專業(yè)的學(xué)生從事翻譯實(shí)踐并撰寫翻譯體會(huì)。翻譯專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)能熟練使用翻譯工具,能夠勝任不同文體文本的筆譯、口譯工作的應(yīng)用型高級專門人才。由此可見,翻譯是畢業(yè)生必備的技能,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生從事翻譯實(shí)踐無疑具有很強(qiáng)的職業(yè)預(yù)備性。翻譯資料的方式可以是中譯英,也可以是英譯中,原始翻譯資料的總字?jǐn)?shù)需達(dá)到3000字以上。譯文被公司采納的學(xué)生,需結(jié)合翻譯實(shí)踐撰寫2000字左右的全英文論述文章,經(jīng)論文指導(dǎo)老師審定合格后,可以憑借書面的采納證明申請參與全英文答辯,答辯時(shí)還需提供翻譯原件和譯稿。選擇從事翻譯實(shí)踐的同學(xué)在開題時(shí)填寫《本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃書》,計(jì)劃書的內(nèi)容要素有翻譯類型選擇“英譯中/中譯英”、翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)選擇“1500字漢譯英+1500字英譯漢/3000字漢譯英/3000字英譯漢”、“擬翻譯的內(nèi)容概要”和“翻譯公司的相關(guān)信息”(需提供相關(guān)證明材料)。三是提倡商務(wù)英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生開展市場調(diào)查并撰寫調(diào)研報(bào)告。商務(wù)英語專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)能在國際環(huán)境中熟練使用英語從事經(jīng)貿(mào)、管理、金融等領(lǐng)域商務(wù)工作的應(yīng)用型高級專門人才。而近年來對畢業(yè)生就業(yè)開展的跟蹤調(diào)查表明:有相當(dāng)一部分畢業(yè)生會(huì)從事與市場有關(guān)的工作。因此本項(xiàng)目提倡學(xué)生結(jié)合專業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)撰寫有關(guān)的調(diào)研文章或論述文章,且字?jǐn)?shù)、文章質(zhì)量與畢業(yè)論文相當(dāng)時(shí),經(jīng)審定能達(dá)到畢業(yè)論文要求的,視為完成畢業(yè)論文,最后參與全英文答辯。在此過程中,選擇撰寫調(diào)研報(bào)告的同學(xué)在開題時(shí)填寫《本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))開題報(bào)告》,與撰寫普通學(xué)術(shù)論文相同,但要求學(xué)生通過制定調(diào)查問卷,收集下翔實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù),文中就調(diào)查問卷所取得的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,得出相關(guān)結(jié)論,且調(diào)查問卷需附在正文之后,供答辯小組成員參考。四是幫助英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生從事跨文化比較研究。根據(jù)人才培養(yǎng)方案的要求,英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生需具有較強(qiáng)的英語語言運(yùn)用能力和跨文化交際能力,因此,通過適度的問卷調(diào)查從事跨文化比較研究也是比較貼近實(shí)際、提升學(xué)生語言運(yùn)用能力的手段之一。對三屆畢業(yè)生的選題進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下,大量學(xué)生從事跨文化比較研究,類似的選題如:《英漢廣告幽默文化對比》《中美災(zāi)難文化價(jià)值觀異同》《中美商務(wù)談判文化風(fēng)格差異對比》和《中美企業(yè)文化差異對比》等。事實(shí)上,這些選題被學(xué)生認(rèn)為易于撰寫,并且完成得較好。五是告知學(xué)生還可用反映本科畢業(yè)研究水平的其他形式替代畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。其他與專業(yè)相關(guān)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì),字?jǐn)?shù)、質(zhì)量與畢業(yè)論文相當(dāng),經(jīng)審定達(dá)到畢業(yè)論文要求的形式均可由學(xué)生開展。如與在省級(含以上)刊物公開相當(dāng)?shù)挠兄鞒只蛘邊⑴c省級大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目;與參與翻譯實(shí)踐相當(dāng)?shù)挠袇⒓邮〖?含以上)口、筆譯大賽并獲獎(jiǎng);通過國家級職業(yè)資格證書考試等等。視具體情況,由學(xué)生提出申請,學(xué)院學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì)討論通過,經(jīng)審定合格的,均可視為達(dá)到畢業(yè)論文的水平。

(二)研究結(jié)果

1.改革實(shí)踐數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)。2013級305名畢業(yè)生中,有4人參與了翻譯實(shí)踐,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的1.3%。2014屆200名畢業(yè)生中,共有42人參與畢業(yè)論文改革實(shí)踐。其中7人在公開刊物,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的3.5%;35人從事翻譯實(shí)踐,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的17.5%。參與畢業(yè)論文改革實(shí)踐的學(xué)生總體比例為21%。2015屆290名畢業(yè)生中,共有66人參與畢業(yè)論文改革實(shí)踐,其中2人在公開刊物上發(fā)表文章,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的0.6%,51人從事翻譯實(shí)踐,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的17.6%,15人進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的5%,參與畢業(yè)論文改革實(shí)踐的學(xué)生總體比例為23.3%。三年的數(shù)據(jù)表明,參與畢業(yè)論文改革實(shí)踐的學(xué)生絕對人數(shù)及比例呈逐年上升趨勢。2.問卷調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)分析。由于2015屆為學(xué)院迄今為止畢業(yè)生人數(shù)較多、參與畢業(yè)論文改革人數(shù)最多的年級,故選擇作為本次問卷調(diào)查的對象。問卷以不定項(xiàng)選擇題和開放式問答題的形式,就“獨(dú)立學(xué)院的大學(xué)生有無必要完成畢業(yè)論文?”,“畢業(yè)論文撰寫方面遇到何種問題?”,以及“最希望以何種形式完成畢業(yè)論文?”等十項(xiàng)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行調(diào)查。經(jīng)過對調(diào)查問卷收集的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn):學(xué)生普遍承認(rèn)完成畢業(yè)論文是必要的、的確有利于綜合素質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)、也有利于科研能力的提升,并且對于英語表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)也有明顯幫助;但資料貧乏、科研經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足、語言表達(dá)跟不上和難以創(chuàng)新凸顯了教學(xué)與檢測的不對接。絕大部分學(xué)生認(rèn)為現(xiàn)有的畢業(yè)論文形式的確需要進(jìn)行改革,要實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)內(nèi)容與畢業(yè)檢測的全面對接;有學(xué)生認(rèn)為實(shí)踐能力遠(yuǎn)比科研能力重要,學(xué)校需要對所開的專業(yè)課程進(jìn)行相應(yīng)改變以對接畢業(yè)論文改革。且不論學(xué)生看問題有無偏頗,從對人才培養(yǎng)方案的考察來看,學(xué)生要求教學(xué)內(nèi)容與畢業(yè)檢測對接的要求無疑是正確的。3.有待解決的問題。研究中反饋的問題包括三個(gè)方面:第一,在省級(含以上)刊物公開的學(xué)生均是使用中文撰寫,雖然答辯時(shí)使用的是英文,但并不能完全說明其使用英文撰寫畢業(yè)論文的能力也達(dá)到了相應(yīng)的水平。是否要求學(xué)生在省級(含以上)刊物發(fā)表全英文的文章還有待進(jìn)一步商榷。第二,根據(jù)論文指導(dǎo)老師的反饋,從事翻譯實(shí)踐的同學(xué)所翻譯的譯文初稿水平并不能達(dá)到相應(yīng)要求,都需要指導(dǎo)老師的大力修改方能達(dá)到公司期望的水準(zhǔn)。雖說在反復(fù)修改的過程中,學(xué)生的翻譯能力也會(huì)因此而提高,但指導(dǎo)老師認(rèn)為譯稿的最終水平并非學(xué)生真實(shí)翻譯能力的體現(xiàn)。如果委托公司借此聘用學(xué)生擔(dān)任正式的翻譯,日后在無教師指導(dǎo)下的翻譯水平能否保證還有待考證。第三,暫時(shí)還未對反映本科畢業(yè)研究水平的其他形式進(jìn)行實(shí)踐研究,也沒有學(xué)生提出相關(guān)置換申請。課題組成員認(rèn)為,畢業(yè)檢測的形式應(yīng)該沒有窮盡。從研究的結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn),對于以“應(yīng)用型”作為人才培養(yǎng)主要目標(biāo)之一的獨(dú)立學(xué)院的英語類專業(yè)學(xué)生而言,雖然更看重自身實(shí)踐能力的培養(yǎng),但恰當(dāng)?shù)目蒲袑τ谔岣咂渚C合的語言能力和研究能力有著不可或缺的作用。有關(guān)教學(xué)與檢測對接問題的探索,不僅需要在課程設(shè)置方面開展研究,也需要在畢業(yè)論文的撰寫形式方面積極改革,更需要對不同形式的畢業(yè)檢測進(jìn)行利弊分析,力爭使教學(xué)過程與教學(xué)檢測相一致,理論學(xué)習(xí)與實(shí)踐應(yīng)用相一致,在校學(xué)習(xí)與求職就業(yè)相一致,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文撰寫形式多樣化、方式合理化、效果顯著化的目標(biāo),提高獨(dú)立學(xué)院的本科人才培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量。

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

[1]郭慶,黃運(yùn)婷.英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革的研究與實(shí)踐[J].太原師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2013(3).

[2]奚道同,等.民辦高校畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))改革方向研究[J].山西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,35(1).

[3]王淼.獨(dú)立學(xué)院英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文、實(shí)習(xí)、就業(yè)一體化模式探索[J].海外英語,2014(6).

篇8

一、引言

畢業(yè)論文在英語專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)過程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用?!陡叩葘W(xué)校英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱》強(qiáng)調(diào),“畢業(yè)論文是考察學(xué)生綜合能力、評估學(xué)業(yè)成績的一個(gè)重要方式?!盵1]11教育部“關(guān)于加強(qiáng)普通高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作的通知”(教高廳[2014]14號)也指出,“畢業(yè)論文是培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力、實(shí)踐能力和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的重要實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié),也是學(xué)生畢業(yè)與學(xué)位資格認(rèn)證的重要依據(jù)。”因此,“各校要加強(qiáng)對學(xué)生撰寫畢業(yè)論文的指導(dǎo)和評審,使之對學(xué)生真正有所裨益,防止流于形式?!盵1]11應(yīng)用型本科院校以應(yīng)用型人才培養(yǎng)為目標(biāo),為畢業(yè)論文選題和寫作提供了明確的導(dǎo)向。教育部2012年的《本科教學(xué)水平合格評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》進(jìn)一步指出,文科專業(yè)的畢業(yè)論文要有50%左右的選題與實(shí)踐性、應(yīng)用性掛鉤,該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為應(yīng)用型本科院校的畢業(yè)論文提出了具體的指標(biāo)。本文以濱州學(xué)院英語專業(yè)2014—2016屆的畢業(yè)論文為研究對象,系統(tǒng)分析畢業(yè)論文中存在的問題,并提出相應(yīng)對策,以提升應(yīng)用型人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)下英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量。

二、存在的問題

《大綱》規(guī)定“畢業(yè)論文一般應(yīng)用英語撰寫,長度為3000~5000個(gè)單詞,要求文字通順、思路清晰、內(nèi)容充實(shí),有一定的獨(dú)立見解。評分時(shí)除了考慮語言表達(dá)能力外,還應(yīng)把獨(dú)立見解和創(chuàng)新意識作為重要依據(jù)?!盵1]11筆者以此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對英語專業(yè)2014—2016屆的畢業(yè)論文進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)主要存在以下問題:

(一)論文選題不當(dāng),缺乏新意,應(yīng)用性不強(qiáng)畢業(yè)論文選題要適中,最好能夠做到“小題大做”,而部分論文選題過大過泛,沒有研究焦點(diǎn),根本無法完成,如“莎士比亞詩歌研究”;選題不能緊跟本專業(yè)研究前沿,過于陳舊,缺乏新意,如對顏色詞的研究、英語習(xí)語跨文化比較等;有些選題與英語專業(yè)沒有密切關(guān)系,相差甚遠(yuǎn),如“中美婚姻觀的比較”;有些選題未達(dá)到嚴(yán)格意義上“一人一題,不得重題”的要求,如“任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中英語詞匯教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用”和“任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在高中英語詞匯教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用”;實(shí)踐性和應(yīng)用性的選題比例不高,與50%的目標(biāo)存在一定的差距。

(二)寫作基本功不扎實(shí),語言表達(dá)能力不夠強(qiáng)畢業(yè)論文寫作屬于學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作,需要較扎實(shí)的寫作基本功和較高的語言表達(dá)能力,而大多數(shù)畢業(yè)論文在語言表達(dá)上都存在這樣那樣的問題,主要體現(xiàn)在專業(yè)術(shù)語不準(zhǔn)確,書面語和口語混合使用,文字不通順、表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)確,漢式英語較多,串句、主謂不一致、結(jié)構(gòu)不完整、懸垂現(xiàn)象、搭配錯(cuò)誤等語法錯(cuò)誤時(shí)有出現(xiàn),甚至還有單詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤、首字母大小寫錯(cuò)誤等細(xì)節(jié)問題。

(三)論文思路不清,邏輯混亂,思辨缺席畢業(yè)論文是學(xué)生圍繞研究問題形成的一個(gè)立論正確、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、思路清晰、邏輯性強(qiáng)、論證合理的語篇,而多數(shù)畢業(yè)論文思路不清、邏輯混亂、結(jié)構(gòu)松散、論點(diǎn)不清、論證乏力,思辨缺席現(xiàn)象較為嚴(yán)重。黃源深指出思辨缺席對畢業(yè)論文的影響,“在二三十篇論文中難得有一兩篇像樣的,大多數(shù)論文都有這樣那樣的問題,往往論文的題目就暴露出很多思維上的負(fù)面信息?!盵2]12

(四)體例不夠統(tǒng)一,格式不夠規(guī)范畢業(yè)論文屬于正式文體,需要按照規(guī)定的體例和規(guī)范撰寫,以顯示其嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和規(guī)范性。有些學(xué)生沒有意識到體例和格式的重要性,不注重論文寫作規(guī)范,隨心所欲地撰寫,體例和格式較為混亂,主要體現(xiàn)在參考書目沒有按照學(xué)校規(guī)定的APA格式撰寫,文內(nèi)引文格式混用,標(biāo)題首字母大小寫不恰當(dāng),字體、字號、行間距不符合規(guī)范,中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號混用等方面。

三、對策

(一)加強(qiáng)畢業(yè)論文選題指導(dǎo),增設(shè)專業(yè)選修課程,建設(shè)論文選題庫,多渠道拓寬選題范圍。英語專業(yè)選題范圍較廣,主要包括語言學(xué)、文學(xué)、文化、教學(xué)、跨文化交際和翻譯等方面,指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)選題指導(dǎo),避免題目過大、過泛和過舊。增設(shè)專業(yè)選修課程,擴(kuò)寬學(xué)生視野,便于學(xué)生擴(kuò)寬選題范圍。另外,可以根據(jù)歷年選題情況,結(jié)合指導(dǎo)教師專業(yè)特長,建設(shè)畢業(yè)論文選題庫,供學(xué)生選題參考。最為重要的是,可將畢業(yè)論文選題與指導(dǎo)教師承擔(dān)的各類教科研項(xiàng)目、畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)、大學(xué)生研究訓(xùn)練項(xiàng)目、大學(xué)生創(chuàng)業(yè)計(jì)劃和大學(xué)生學(xué)科競賽等相結(jié)合,更好地體現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文的應(yīng)用性和實(shí)踐性。

(二)改革和完善專業(yè)課程體系,建設(shè)畢業(yè)論文課程群,做到英語寫作四年不斷線,夯實(shí)學(xué)生寫作基本功。語言表達(dá)能力是英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的基本能力。莊智象曾指出,“既然稱之為英語專業(yè),那么對學(xué)生的英語語言能力方面應(yīng)該有更高的要求。我認(rèn)為這是英語專業(yè)學(xué)生基本的、首要的要求,怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過,而目前更顯得必要。”[3]216而英語寫作能力的培養(yǎng)絕非一朝一夕之事,是個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過程,僅靠“學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作”這門課程遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,需要調(diào)整專業(yè)課程體系,建設(shè)畢業(yè)論文課程群(包括英語基礎(chǔ)寫作、英語高級寫作、英語語法、英語修辭和學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作等課程),做到英語寫作四年不斷線,夯實(shí)學(xué)生寫作基本功,提高學(xué)生語言表達(dá)能力,為能夠?qū)懗龈哔|(zhì)量的畢業(yè)論文打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)。

(三)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思辨能力,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識,不斷加強(qiáng)學(xué)生思維能力和創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng)。錢寧指出,“我國高校英語專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文寫作中存在的根本問題之一在于學(xué)生的思維方式不合理?!盵4]103因此,方瓊強(qiáng)調(diào)“高校英語專業(yè)應(yīng)重視學(xué)生思辨能力的培養(yǎng),將其放在和傳授知識、培養(yǎng)技能同等重要的位置?!盵5]91要培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生的思辨能力,應(yīng)該調(diào)整英語專業(yè)的課程結(jié)構(gòu),增加英語演講、英語辯論等課程;任課教師應(yīng)該更新教學(xué)理念,改變教學(xué)方法,課內(nèi)加強(qiáng)邏輯思維訓(xùn)練;堅(jiān)持“本科生導(dǎo)師制”,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生參與教師科研項(xiàng)目,高質(zhì)量撰寫學(xué)年論文,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的科研意識,提高學(xué)生分析問題和解決問題的能力;另外,鼓勵(lì)和支持學(xué)生參加英語沙龍、專題討論和英語演講、英語辯論、英語寫作等各類學(xué)科競賽,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識,不斷培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力和創(chuàng)新能力。

(四)加強(qiáng)論文指導(dǎo)教師隊(duì)伍建設(shè),強(qiáng)化過程管理,確保畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量。畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量是學(xué)生專業(yè)水平和創(chuàng)新能力的體現(xiàn),更是指導(dǎo)教師學(xué)術(shù)視野和學(xué)術(shù)水平的體現(xiàn),所以《高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)指導(dǎo)手冊(外語卷)》指出,“高校外語專業(yè)的畢業(yè)論文寫作是衡量、評估高校外語專業(yè)教學(xué)質(zhì)量和水平的重要內(nèi)容之一。”[6]3論文指導(dǎo)教師的水平直接影響到畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量,應(yīng)遴選具有豐富科研經(jīng)驗(yàn)和實(shí)際指導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師擔(dān)任指導(dǎo)教師,加強(qiáng)對學(xué)生文獻(xiàn)檢索與搜集、選題、開題答辯、初稿、二稿、定稿和畢業(yè)答辯各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的指導(dǎo),尤其是文獻(xiàn)檢索與搜集、研究方法、數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)和數(shù)據(jù)分析方面的指導(dǎo),強(qiáng)化論文寫作過程的動(dòng)態(tài)管理,確保畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量。另外,還需要規(guī)范畢業(yè)論文管理制度,優(yōu)化畢業(yè)論文管理流程,健全畢業(yè)論文管理方式,提高畢業(yè)論文工作效率。畢業(yè)論文教材建設(shè)也是指導(dǎo)教師需要考慮的問題。張春芳曾指出,“英語畢業(yè)論文寫作教材建設(shè)有待加強(qiáng),目前國內(nèi)關(guān)于學(xué)術(shù)論文(包括畢業(yè)論文)寫作的中英文編著至少有20部,但是教師們?nèi)匀槐г闺y以選到合適的教材。因此,指導(dǎo)教師要以應(yīng)用型人才培養(yǎng)為導(dǎo)向,結(jié)合本校畢業(yè)論文的相關(guān)規(guī)定,編寫符合專業(yè)特點(diǎn)、操作性和實(shí)踐性強(qiáng)的畢業(yè)論文教材。

四、結(jié)語

畢業(yè)論文是英語專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)的重要組成部分,而應(yīng)用型人才培養(yǎng)為英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文提出了更高的要求。本文以濱州學(xué)院為例,探討了應(yīng)用型本科院校英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文存在的問題,主要體現(xiàn)在論文選題、語言表達(dá)、思辨能力和格式規(guī)范四個(gè)方面,并針對這些問題提出了相應(yīng)的對策,以期為應(yīng)用型本科院校英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文工作提供參考,實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用型英語人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]高等學(xué)校外語專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)英語組.高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱[Z].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2000.

[2]黃源深.英語專業(yè)課程必須徹底改革—再談“思辨缺席”[J].外語界,2010,(1):11-16.

[3]莊智象.外語教育名家談[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2008.

[4]錢寧.淺析高校加強(qiáng)思維訓(xùn)練的重要性—以英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫作為例[J].西北成人教育學(xué)報(bào),2014,(4):100-103.

[5]方瓊.英語專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文中的思辨缺席[J].湖北第二師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2013,(12):90-92.

篇9

中圖分類號:G642.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1674-9324(2013)22-0196-03

長期以來英語教學(xué)的目標(biāo)和方法一直是我國大學(xué)英語,尤其是專業(yè)英語教學(xué)所探討的一個(gè)問題。多年以來的應(yīng)試教育已經(jīng)給受教育者留下了難以學(xué)以致用的問題。不少人拿到四、六級證書依然不能跟外國人交流,不能用英文寫作,成了一個(gè)語言的拿證者卻無法動(dòng)筆動(dòng)嘴的“人才”(林莉蘭,2006)!已有一些從事英語教學(xué)與教育的工作者專門討論過這方面的問題(田強(qiáng)等,2006;王曉軍,2005;張翼翼,2006;賈國棟,2006;周爽等2006)。本文根據(jù)我院這幾年來在專業(yè)英語和專業(yè)課雙語教學(xué)的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,尤其是讓工科本科生用英語進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文寫作和進(jìn)行論文答辯的實(shí)踐教學(xué)嘗試,從英語教學(xué)延伸和應(yīng)用的實(shí)效性角度探討了如何檢驗(yàn)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的效果,如何確定英語教學(xué)目標(biāo),以及實(shí)現(xiàn)這種目標(biāo)的方法。我們中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)能源學(xué)院一直在專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)的手段和實(shí)效性方面進(jìn)行著探討。2004年我院獲得了學(xué)校在“工科教學(xué)基地”項(xiàng)目上的資助。為配合國家在石油領(lǐng)域“走出去”的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、培養(yǎng)具有英語實(shí)用水平的工科本科畢業(yè)生也成了我院教學(xué)工作的一個(gè)重要任務(wù)和目標(biāo)。我們利用我院大部分教師都有在國外留學(xué)、進(jìn)修和培訓(xùn)方面的經(jīng)歷這個(gè)優(yōu)勢,積極開展了密切結(jié)合專業(yè)的專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)的教學(xué)實(shí)踐。我們鼓勵(lì)用先進(jìn)的教學(xué)理念進(jìn)行大膽實(shí)踐,積累教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在2006屆部分工科畢業(yè)生中讓部分同學(xué)用英語進(jìn)行論文寫作和答辯,通過導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo),試圖將其作為專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)在專業(yè)實(shí)踐方面的延伸。這樣做,一方面是希望通過用英語進(jìn)行論文的撰寫和答辯提高同學(xué)們英文應(yīng)用水平,另一方面也為同學(xué)們畢業(yè)后進(jìn)入企業(yè)或科研崗位、甚至走出國門打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。在這次試點(diǎn)中我們在我院資源勘查工程和石油工程兩個(gè)專業(yè)選取了幾名優(yōu)秀學(xué)生,從畢業(yè)論文寫作到答辯全程采用英語。這對學(xué)生提出了比較高的要求,要求學(xué)生比較熟練或基本掌握專業(yè)英語的語法、專業(yè)詞匯、寫作技巧和寫作規(guī)范等多方面的知識。當(dāng)然,表達(dá)能力也能在答辯的過程中得到充實(shí)和提高,對話能力在提問過程中也能實(shí)踐、發(fā)揮和檢驗(yàn)。從論文寫作和答辯的結(jié)果來看,這次嘗試是成功的。這幾名同學(xué)論文的寫作用詞和語法正確,論文宣讀及回答問題都比較清晰流利。同學(xué)們和指導(dǎo)教師都從中受到了鼓舞,說明我院的專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)取得了明顯的成效。歸納起來,這幾年來我們在專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)實(shí)踐中做法、嘗試以及同學(xué)們的反饋包括以下幾個(gè)方面。

一、專業(yè)英語和雙語課教材

在我院的專業(yè)英語和專業(yè)課“雙語教學(xué)”實(shí)踐中,學(xué)院要求在國際通用性的專業(yè)課方面應(yīng)盡量使用外文原版教材,采取多種方式使用外文教材。如專業(yè)英語課在教材選用上的做法是從國外的原版教科書上找到適合同學(xué)英文能力的相關(guān)文章進(jìn)行講授;環(huán)境地質(zhì)學(xué)和現(xiàn)代試井分析雙語課使用了原版的英文教材。

二、授課方法

專業(yè)英語授課過程中不是滿堂灌,而是讓同學(xué)自己閱讀翻譯和講解,一方面可以檢測同學(xué)是否預(yù)習(xí),另一方面發(fā)現(xiàn)同學(xué)們在哪些方面存在理解有誤的地方,再有重點(diǎn)、有針對性地進(jìn)行講解。這種方法效果較好,既激發(fā)了同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語的興趣,同時(shí)也在實(shí)踐中提升和改進(jìn)了我們的專業(yè)英語教學(xué)法。在環(huán)境地質(zhì)學(xué)和油藏工程這兩門課雙語教學(xué)中,老師以中文和英文交叉、結(jié)合進(jìn)行綜合講解,讓所有同學(xué)參與到教學(xué)中來。讓同學(xué)們上臺(tái)用英語講解自己的觀點(diǎn)和見解,大家對一些有爭議的問題共同用英語討論,共同學(xué)習(xí)。在實(shí)踐過程中幫助同學(xué)們克服了在眾人面前講英語的恐懼心理。在交流溝通過程中英語聽說能力得到了提高。這種教學(xué)過程是實(shí)踐“課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)以學(xué)生為中心”的教學(xué)理念的有效形式。

三、雙語課在提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語興趣和水平中的作用

有的同學(xué)說,起初對雙語教學(xué)就有幾分好奇,而在剛接觸到雙語教學(xué)課程時(shí),沒想到卻有些不適應(yīng),在經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)雙語教學(xué)比一般的外語教學(xué)更能激發(fā)興趣,至少與普通外語教學(xué)相比是這樣的。雙語教學(xué)在我院還正在全面展開,可以說現(xiàn)階段還是處在嘗試階段,但我們確實(shí)能體會(huì)到它的可行性、有效性和必要性。有的同學(xué)還說,大學(xué)四年的學(xué)業(yè)已結(jié)束,總感覺以前的外語課還沒能使我們的聽說讀寫能力加強(qiáng)多少,反倒是在接受過雙語教學(xué)之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的外語水平有很大提高,課堂上的師生互動(dòng)使我們敢于用英語和他人進(jìn)行交流。

四、用英文進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文寫作的作用

用英文進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文寫作能讓學(xué)生更多的掌握英語的實(shí)用知識,可以提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性。與普通的英語學(xué)習(xí)不同,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)乎學(xué)生的學(xué)士學(xué)位,學(xué)生對它的重視程度會(huì)大大提高,特別是專業(yè)英語知識。用英文進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文寫作涉及到英語知識的方方面面,從單詞的詞義到句法的運(yùn)用,再到成篇構(gòu)思甚至語言的概括表達(dá)。寫作的過程就是英語知識的再現(xiàn)和學(xué)習(xí)效果的過程,也就是提高英語水平的實(shí)踐過程。同學(xué)們說在畢業(yè)論文的外國文獻(xiàn)翻譯過程中,深刻地感受到了專業(yè)英語的重要性。盡管我國的科技水平提高得很快,但是在石油工程領(lǐng)域,我國的科技水平仍與國外的先進(jìn)水平有一定的差距,所以,客觀上要求同學(xué)們現(xiàn)在和以后不得不有直接閱讀外文專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的能力,從國外先進(jìn)的技術(shù)中找到我們需要的知識,為我們的國家服務(wù)。

五、用英語進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文答辯的作用

答辯材料的準(zhǔn)備和臺(tái)上的演講,這些都需要較高的口語能力,經(jīng)歷了這次答辯,不僅提高了口語的表達(dá)能力,最重要的是同學(xué)們有了勇氣去說出英語,這是最大的收獲,也是同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)語言的最終目的――交流。用英語進(jìn)行答辯的目標(biāo)和過程對于提高學(xué)生交際能力和綜合應(yīng)用語言能力有重要意義。

六、專業(yè)英語與就業(yè)的關(guān)系

隨著我國改革開放程度的不斷加深,以及中國加入了世界貿(mào)易組織,大量的國外企業(yè)涌入中國投資,設(shè)立公司,而英語是國際公認(rèn)的通用語言,因此需要大量雙語人才。同學(xué)們已注意到在這一屆的畢業(yè)生找工作的時(shí)間段內(nèi),越來越多的外國或外資企業(yè)也來到我們學(xué)校召開宣講會(huì),希望可以招聘到合適的有能力的畢業(yè)生加入他們的公司。招聘的第一道門檻就是英語能力,這恰恰是我們過去的軟肋。還有石油領(lǐng)域的國有企業(yè)進(jìn)軍海外的石油開發(fā)項(xiàng)目越來越多,同樣需要大量懂英語的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生。同學(xué)們說“既然這方面的缺口這么大,我們更應(yīng)該提高我們的英語能力,這既是對市場需求的響應(yīng),同時(shí)使我們以后的就業(yè)前景更光明更廣闊”。我們認(rèn)為大學(xué)英語教學(xué)目標(biāo),不是過四、六級英語考試,而是“可以用英文進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文寫作和答辯”。這個(gè)目標(biāo)里面自然包含了“聽、說”能力,并且體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用英語的能力。專業(yè)英語和專業(yè)課雙語教學(xué)是實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)教學(xué)目的的有效手段。實(shí)踐中可對低年級同學(xué)較早提出這個(gè)目標(biāo)來引起他們在思想上的重視,從而通過綜合效應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)水平的提高。當(dāng)然,目前還只是少數(shù)同學(xué)具備這樣培養(yǎng)的條件。

鳴謝:本文在成文過程中得到了我校長宣教授的指點(diǎn)和幫助,深表謝意。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]林莉蘭.大學(xué)英語口語教學(xué)芻議[J].中國高等教育,2006,(5).

[2]田強(qiáng),李潔紅,李小紅.略論英語教育與幾種基本教育概念的關(guān)系[J].科教論壇,2006,(1).

[3]田強(qiáng).關(guān)于我國英語教育的“應(yīng)試教育”模式的反思[J].科教論壇,2006,(1).

[4]王曉軍.貫徹“大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求”提高英語教學(xué)質(zhì)量[J].中國地質(zhì)教育,2005,(1).

篇10

1 畢業(yè)論文要求科學(xué)性

無論是自然科學(xué)還是社會(huì)規(guī)律,必須根據(jù)科學(xué)研究這個(gè)總的任務(wù),對研究的對象進(jìn)行探討,揭示規(guī)律。是科學(xué)的,經(jīng)得起推敲的,獨(dú)到見解也是建立在科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上的。必須從客觀實(shí)際出發(fā),從中引出符合實(shí)際的結(jié)論,不得帶有個(gè)人的好惡和偏見。在論據(jù)上作者必須經(jīng)過周密的觀察、實(shí)驗(yàn)或者閱讀、思考。

2 畢業(yè)論文要求創(chuàng)見性

科學(xué)研究的任務(wù)是對新的知識的探求,在綜合別人研究的成果的基礎(chǔ)上去發(fā)現(xiàn)別人沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)過或者沒有涉及過的問題??茖W(xué)研究的任務(wù)本身就決定了它必須去探索規(guī)律,必須實(shí)事求是??茖W(xué)研究本身又蘊(yùn)涵了創(chuàng)見性,就是在綜合別人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上去發(fā)現(xiàn)別人沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)過或者沒有涉及過的問題。要有獨(dú)到的見解,要發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)新的創(chuàng)見。

3 畢業(yè)論文要求專業(yè)性

我們不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域里的畢業(yè)生可以根據(jù)自己平時(shí)的積累和愛好選擇題目,基本上都是在自己的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)。不要離開自己的專業(yè)去寫別的跨專業(yè)的。

4 畢業(yè)論文要求通俗性

盡管我們要求論文的專業(yè)性,但語言要求通俗,這樣便于傳播和交流。

二、畢業(yè)論文的選題原則

1 要選擇有科學(xué)價(jià)值的問題,要選擇亟待解決的課題,減少選題的盲目性。

2 利用靈感來選題

看別人的評論過程中打開自己的思路,進(jìn)行選題。在你看書、觀察或思考的過程中,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)角度我可以深入下去。考慮選題的大小、難易度和利用自己的靈感思維來選題。

三、畢業(yè)論文的寫作

1 圍繞著論題去占有和選擇材料。

首先要進(jìn)行寫作前的準(zhǔn)備工作。先要圍繞著論題去占有和選擇材料。也就是說,當(dāng)你的論題已經(jīng)確定以后,圍繞著立論去占有材料,多多益善的去看。積累材料,再有論點(diǎn)。要對研究對象的外延材料占有。在有材料的基礎(chǔ)上要選擇材料。材料多的情況下,你就選更好的材料。

2 選擇論文的類型

畢業(yè)論文的類型一是學(xué)術(shù)性論文,二是報(bào)告性論文。應(yīng)用性比較少的科目來說比較容易做成學(xué)術(shù)型論文,應(yīng)用性比較強(qiáng)的學(xué)科,論文一般寫成調(diào)查性的或總結(jié)性的報(bào)告型論文。論文類型的選擇,主要是看論文的對象。如果是宏觀的,我們就用綜述性的描述:如果是微觀的,涉及到某一個(gè)具體作家作品或某一個(gè)問題,我們就選擇論述性的。

3 要擬訂論文的寫作提綱

如果沒有完整的寫作提綱的話,邏輯思維就會(huì)出現(xiàn)偏差。把一個(gè)個(gè)提綱羅列出來,羅列出來以后看一下,總論點(diǎn)是什么,分論點(diǎn)是什么,圍繞著總論點(diǎn)有幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn),分論點(diǎn)列出來了以后,一定要注意以綱帶目。提綱、材料等出來以后,就可以進(jìn)行論文寫作了。

4 開始寫論文的時(shí)候,要注意標(biāo)題擬制

論文的標(biāo)題擬制,一般是兩個(gè)標(biāo)題。如果是一個(gè)標(biāo)題不太容易駕馭。一個(gè)標(biāo)題往往是比較宏觀一些。當(dāng)然也可以用正標(biāo)題來表示論題的觀點(diǎn),副標(biāo)題表示研究的對象。題目擬制好了以后,論文還要注意要寫摘要,把整個(gè)論文的主要內(nèi)容說一下。在論文的扉頁上,先是題目,題目下面是摘要。論文提要主要交代清楚選題的背景、理由,論文的觀點(diǎn)和價(jià)值,簡明扼要的揭示出來,便于讀者(主要是導(dǎo)師、評委、編輯等)即使不閱讀全文就可以獲得最重要的信息。一般宇數(shù)不超過全文的5%.在摘要下面要有關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞把論文的主要觀點(diǎn)用3到5個(gè)詞提取出來。

5 論文的格式

論文的規(guī)格:正文長度800-2,000單詞。使用的語言:英語論文正文部分:

(1)題目大寫,三號字,新時(shí)代羅馬宇,大寫下面可寫一個(gè)附標(biāo)題,4號字;

(2)作者名,5號字,班級,學(xué)號

(3)指導(dǎo)教師名,5號字,職稱

(4)摘要:300字左右,5號字,英文一頁,中文一頁

(5)關(guān)鍵詞:不能用專有名詞,詞與詞之間空四格,不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號

(6)正文:用5號字,大部分標(biāo)題用5號字黑體、小部分、小小部分。大部分用羅馬字,小不分用一般數(shù)字符號。

(7)參考文獻(xiàn)(Bibliog raphy):先英文,后中文,作者名,文章名,書刊名,出版社,地點(diǎn),出版年月,

6 畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

(1)選題恰當(dāng)、與畢業(yè)生的知識水平與認(rèn)識能力相當(dāng):

(2)內(nèi)容豐富、資料翔實(shí)、論證充分有力.

(3)敘述清楚、層次清晰而豐富,