導(dǎo)言：作為寫作愛好者，不可錯過為您精心挑選的10篇口語交際能力論文，它們將為您的寫作提供全新的視角，我們衷心期待您的閱讀，并希望這些內(nèi)容能為您提供靈感和參考。

篇1

1．預(yù)習(xí)自說。閱讀總建立在學(xué)生對課文預(yù)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上，而預(yù)習(xí)情況反饋，提供了交流學(xué)情空間，拓展新知。應(yīng)讓學(xué)生自說預(yù)習(xí)中讀懂了哪些，還有哪些疑難。

2．朗讀仿說。閱讀課就是教師指導(dǎo)下的讀書課，訓(xùn)練任何一種語言能力都離不開讀，特別是“對話”可讓學(xué)生自選角色朗讀，讀中感悟真情。通過模仿表演反復(fù)訓(xùn)練，自然提高口語表達能力。

3．討論互說。閱讀是一種個性色彩極強的活動，通過對課文感知，學(xué)生有了“第一印象”，教師放手讓學(xué)生解疑問難，小組討論，交流匯報，學(xué)生暢談對課文的理解，創(chuàng)造樂說、會說、能說的氛圍。

4．總結(jié)評說。閱讀教學(xué)中對問題探究，課文朗讀，習(xí)題訓(xùn)練等都要指導(dǎo)小結(jié)評說。讓學(xué)生在分析、梳理、歸納的思維訓(xùn)練中培養(yǎng)口語表達的具體性，嚴密性，提高表達的水平。值得注意的是要給足時間，讓學(xué)生盡情傾吐內(nèi)心的感受，實現(xiàn)同學(xué)間的信息溝通與啟迪。

這一教學(xué)模式把閱讀和聽說融為一體，學(xué)生說中感知課文，說中感悟課文，讀中積累語言，說中品析課文，真正學(xué)會語言。

二、開展活動，創(chuàng)設(shè)口語交際的氛圍

學(xué)生在實踐活動中進行動手、觀察、體驗、想象、創(chuàng)新。開展活動，能豐富口語交際的內(nèi)容，掌握口語交際的方法技巧，提高聽、說、交往的能力。

1．引導(dǎo)“玩”中說。學(xué)生的自我表述只有在自由自在的空間才得以孕育、誕生。如《踩氣球真有趣》活動課，讓學(xué)生在草地圍圈而坐，藍天白云，綠樹草地，鳥鳴蟬叫，孩子們回到大自然的境界里，進入最佳氛圍，學(xué)生互相追逐，出現(xiàn)許多不同的有趣場面。這時引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主看說，選擇觀察對象，攝取說的素材；生生互評，師生互評（評語言，評內(nèi)容，評儀態(tài)）。這種自由、和諧、愉快的氛圍成了學(xué)生表現(xiàn)自我的最佳“土壤”。

2．引導(dǎo)“做”中說。凡學(xué)生自己經(jīng)歷或親手做的事，說起來總是那么繪聲繪色，感情豐富。如《比比誰的手巧》活動課，課前讓學(xué)生利用廢棄材料自制小作品，做做說說；課中介紹作品，互相評說；課后開展銷會，產(chǎn)品推銷，創(chuàng)設(shè)交際過程。

3．引導(dǎo)“議”中說。教師根據(jù)訓(xùn)練要求，設(shè)計話題，讓學(xué)生根據(jù)話題，發(fā)表看法。提出見解，如上《我心中的老師》口語交際課，可設(shè)計：①創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，激發(fā)說趣；②老師示范，提出要求；③小組討論，相互介紹；④相互采訪，自由評議。

三、關(guān)注社會，尋找口語交際的源頭

生活是口語訓(xùn)練的主要源泉。因此，教師要主動幫助學(xué)生巧搭“說”的舞臺，創(chuàng)設(shè)富有時代感和濃郁的生活情趣的語境，讓學(xué)生在多姿多彩的“舞臺’沖，觀察表達。如開展“愛”的系列口語交際活動可作如下設(shè)計：

系列一：《愛我家庭，從真做起》說話課，以學(xué)生孝敬長輩為材料進行同桌互說，匯報評說，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生關(guān)心長輩的真情。

系列二：設(shè)計《愛我校園，從小做起》說話課，以學(xué)生做好事為材料進行練說，激發(fā)學(xué)生愛校的情感。課前開展“我們的校園我們愛”的活動，課中分小組匯報交流自己所見所聞。同時在別人說話中參與評價，最后去采訪做好事的同學(xué)。從而使口語交際成為交流心得，增進情感的教育活動。

系列三：開展“愛我環(huán)境，從近做起”調(diào)查活動。讓學(xué)生參與社會實踐活動，了解家鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境的污染情況，明確環(huán)保重要性。

課前閱讀有關(guān)環(huán)境知識書報，使學(xué)生心有環(huán)境。并按水源、空氣、居民小區(qū)三方面調(diào)查記錄。課中以水源為例，明確說話要求，先說污染，再說危害，最后說想法，同桌互說，鞏固要求。然后分組自由討論“空氣”和“居民小區(qū)”的情況。課后延伸，進行跟蹤調(diào)查，做“環(huán)保小衛(wèi)士”，評選“環(huán)保小衛(wèi)士”。這樣讓學(xué)生調(diào)查社會、多角度觀察，學(xué)生紛紛把改造家鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境的想法說出來。

篇2

一、創(chuàng)設(shè)交際條件，誘發(fā)學(xué)生的交際欲望

口語交際課講究的是教師和學(xué)生的雙方互動，所以課前準備包括教師的課前準備和學(xué)生的課前準備。在課前，教師要認真?zhèn)湔n，為口語交際課的話題做好準備，讓學(xué)生有話可說，激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣，也就是要激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機。教師可以安排一些和教學(xué)內(nèi)容有關(guān)的活動，如安排游戲、課本劇、參觀等，或者制作一些教學(xué)工具，如激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣的圖片、動畫等。由于小學(xué)生的認知發(fā)展水平比較低，所以學(xué)生的課前準備往往還是需要教師的安排和指導(dǎo)。因此，在課前，教師要事先安排一些活動作業(yè)，讓學(xué)生熟悉口語交際的內(nèi)容。例如，在上小學(xué)語文第二冊的口語交際《春天在哪里》時，課前我先讓學(xué)生自己觀察春天的特點，然后我?guī)W(xué)生在學(xué)校內(nèi)找春天。最后，讓他們把自己眼中的春天畫下來。這樣，學(xué)生在上課的時候就有了想表達的內(nèi)容，想交流的愿望，對課堂教學(xué)的效果有了很好的促進作用。

二、課內(nèi)多項互動，培養(yǎng)交際能力

1．在課堂教學(xué)中，要充分體現(xiàn)口語交際的雙向互動的交際性的特點，即要進行多層次的互動交際，這樣才能更好地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的交際能力。

如，我在教學(xué)《我們身邊的垃圾》這一課時，我由課件出示垃圾圖片引發(fā)垃圾從哪里來的話題，由垃圾的對話引發(fā)匯報垃圾處理方法，由評選環(huán)保小衛(wèi)士引發(fā)說說自己處理垃圾的想法等。師生共創(chuàng)生氣勃勃、富有創(chuàng)意的課堂氛圍，同創(chuàng)生與生、生與師多項互動的口語交流的動態(tài)過程。這樣，才使學(xué)生從競爭、合作的經(jīng)驗中獲得自尊和尊重他人、社交能力和自我調(diào)整的能力。

2．創(chuàng)建自由、輕松的課堂心理氛圍，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生互動、交流。

創(chuàng)設(shè)一個良好的課堂氛圍，也是上好口語交際課的一個關(guān)鍵問題。（1）要在課堂上建立平等、信任、和諧的師生關(guān)系，教師要走向民主、寬容。教師要尊重學(xué)生，對學(xué)生的發(fā)言要給予肯定，對學(xué)生的觀點要給予尊重，要認識到，每一個學(xué)生都有自己獨特的思維方式，有發(fā)展的潛力，要理解他們的不足，盡量采取表揚的方式，鼓勵他們進行口語交際要保護學(xué)生的自尊心和自信心，可以作為一個聽眾、朋友而不是一個威嚴的法官，與學(xué)生一起聊天、討論，進行沒有心靈距離的開放式的交流。（2）要處理好學(xué)生間的關(guān)系，營造一個輕松的、積極的班級口語交際環(huán)境。學(xué)生之間的相互作用顯然是不可忽視的教育因素。如果一個學(xué)生在說時，其他學(xué)生冷眼旁觀、竊竊私語甚至進行人身攻擊，那么有幾個學(xué)生能順利、輕松地完成口語交際？可能連最后的一絲勇氣都要消失。所以，要鼓勵學(xué)生學(xué)會交往，學(xué)會合作。既要學(xué)會清楚明白的表達自己的意思，也要學(xué)會傾聽、補充和幫助，讓融洽與合作的陽光普照每個學(xué)生的心靈。

3．課堂評價，促進互動。

口語交際課提倡放手，讓學(xué)生真正得到自主發(fā)展，但是放手并不等于放任自流，任何語言都有一定的規(guī)范性。小學(xué)語文教學(xué)大綱指出：“學(xué)生在入學(xué)之前已具有初步的聽說能力，小學(xué)階段應(yīng)在此基礎(chǔ)上，規(guī)范學(xué)生的口頭語言，提高口語交際能力，培養(yǎng)良好的聽說態(tài)度和語言習(xí)慣。”因此，教師要致力于規(guī)范學(xué)生的口頭語言。當(dāng)然，評價并不是教師的專利，因為口語交際課講究的是師生雙方的互動，所以，評價也包括教師和學(xué)生兩個方面。教師評價就是好讓學(xué)生明確口語交際的教學(xué)目標、訓(xùn)練的重點和要求，規(guī)范學(xué)生的口語交際；而學(xué)生互評可以讓學(xué)生相互交流和學(xué)習(xí)，取長補短。

“請大家仔細聽，這位同學(xué)讀得怎么樣？”這是讓學(xué)生聽清楚、聽明白；“請大家評一評剛才某學(xué)生的回答？”這是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在聽的基礎(chǔ)上學(xué)會思考，學(xué)會給別人提出看法……

三、課外實踐，深入生活，讓口語教學(xué)活起來

訓(xùn)練口語交際能力并不僅僅局限于口語交際的課堂內(nèi)，正如口語交際的實踐性特點所要求的，課堂訓(xùn)練并不能真正代表生活中的口語交際，口語交際的訓(xùn)練還要在真正的生活情景這個“大課堂”中開展起來。

1．在語文教學(xué)的其他環(huán)節(jié)訓(xùn)練口語交際能力。

如利用教材內(nèi)容、插圖、課堂發(fā)言等機會，不失時機地給予學(xué)生運用語言的機會。

篇3

一、前言

語言具有社會交際功能,是一種交際工具,而文字是記錄說話的手段。我們進行語言教學(xué)的根本目的是要在打好扎實的語言基礎(chǔ)知識,進行認真嚴格的聽、說、讀、寫訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上,培養(yǎng)聽、說、讀、寫的交際能力。然而我們傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)注重語法規(guī)則卻不注重語言表達和交際,仍舊學(xué)習(xí)啞巴英語,這樣培養(yǎng)出來的學(xué)生語法好,可是在實際的語言交流中卻表達不出來,真正和外國人交流時說完天氣就不知道還能說些什么。感覺自己有好多內(nèi)容要說卻很難用英語表達出來?？谡Z能力的培養(yǎng)必須按自身的規(guī)律進行,具體地講,口語能力的培養(yǎng)應(yīng)該有一個可行的明確目標,即要符合口語交際的特點,遵循口語學(xué)習(xí)過程的規(guī)律,更要結(jié)合我國當(dāng)前的口語教學(xué)實際進行改革,力爭盡快地全面提高中國學(xué)生的口語交際能力。

二、加強大學(xué)英語口語交際能力的方法

1.加強英語思維能力訓(xùn)練

大學(xué)口語教學(xué)應(yīng)致力于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的口頭交際能力,教師應(yīng)該幫助學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的口頭交際的習(xí)慣,做到語言清晰、流暢、達意。加強英語思維能力訓(xùn)練是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語表達思想的能力的重要手段和途徑。用英語思維是指排除本族語或本族語的干擾,用英語直接理解、判斷和表達的能力。沒有經(jīng)過英語思維能力訓(xùn)練的人,大都是把聽的東西譯成自己的母語后再儲存在記憶里。在表達前,再把語義信息,即他想說的,在腦子里下意識地尋求母語的表達式,然后再把它譯成英語。這種做法不可避免地會導(dǎo)致母語的干擾。這樣借助于母語表達出來的東西是不可能地道的,比如,中國人與朋友道別時,經(jīng)常說“走好”、“慢走”、“慢點兒騎(自行車)”之類的客套語。一些喜歡用母語思維的英語學(xué)習(xí)者不了解英美人士常常微笑并作表示再見的手勢,他們會習(xí)慣地說成:Goslowly,walkslowly或Rideslowly。這些說法聽起來很不自然,運用這種方式與人交際經(jīng)常會導(dǎo)致交際出現(xiàn)障礙甚至失敗。在英語口語教學(xué)中應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生聽地道的英語,培養(yǎng)他們邊聽、邊用英語把聽到而且理解了的東西儲存在記憶里的習(xí)慣,以及培養(yǎng)他們克服母語干擾,直接用英語表達的良好習(xí)慣。2.采用分級教學(xué)

英語口語教學(xué)應(yīng)該遵循由易到難,循序漸進的原則。第一級為初級階段。在此階段,教師首先應(yīng)該為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一個有利于學(xué)習(xí)語言的環(huán)境,讓學(xué)生盡可能多地接觸與運用對象語。最好是采用與日常生活相關(guān)的小故事與對話的內(nèi)容,使學(xué)生有親臨其境的感覺,同時又能熟悉外國人日常生活方式及應(yīng)答方式。除此之外,在初級階段的學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)生還應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)和掌握一些英語最基本的句型和習(xí)語、慣用語,要能熟練到脫口而出的程度。第二級為中級階段。此階段的訓(xùn)練目標主要是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生連貫說話的能力。教學(xué)內(nèi)容可包括愛情、友誼、個性特點、生活習(xí)慣、趣味愛好、體育運動等。教學(xué)方式可采取復(fù)述短文、概述大意、描述圖畫、回答問題、觀點討論、角色扮演,把故事編成對話,把對話編成故事等。第三級為高級階段,高級階段的教學(xué)內(nèi)容可擴展到對各種問題及現(xiàn)象的討論與辯論,比如青年人的思想情緒、種族歧視、電視中的暴力、人口問題、環(huán)境污染問題等,教學(xué)方式主要采用辯論、演講、小組討論、總結(jié)發(fā)言等。通過這3個階段的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生就能逐漸地做到運用英語清楚地自由地表達自己的思想感情、意志以及觀點了,也就具備了比較強的英語口頭交際能力。

3.充實社會文化知識

在英語口語教學(xué)中,應(yīng)該適度地、有選擇地、比較系統(tǒng)地將文化知識的傳授融入教學(xué)中,使英語口語教學(xué)與文化教學(xué)相結(jié)合。具體地說,在口語教學(xué)的初、中級階段,著重交際文化的導(dǎo)入,內(nèi)容包括介紹在日常生活交往方面英漢主流文化的差異,以及在語言形式和運用中的具體表現(xiàn),打招呼和告別、各種稱呼、祝賀和贊揚以及其他社交禮節(jié)等的差異介紹屬于此類。介紹由于文化差異引起的英漢詞語、成語、諺語和格言的意義及運用方面的差異,介紹英漢語言在比喻和聯(lián)想運用上的差異以及英漢語言中典故、委婉語和禁忌語運用方面的差異等。學(xué)生通過這些差異的學(xué)習(xí),就能理解各種英語表達法所涉及的文化內(nèi)涵。在口語教學(xué)的高級階段則著重導(dǎo)入知識文化,介紹中西方思維方式、價值觀念、認知行為、交際關(guān)系以及言語表達方式等方面的差異。英美人比較注重定量分析,進行邏輯推理,而中國人比較注重直覺與先驗理性。善于以經(jīng)驗為依據(jù)來分析、判斷和解決問題。思維方式的差異使人們對同一事物產(chǎn)生不同看法,彼此交流時就容易產(chǎn)生誤解。學(xué)生通過中西文化此類差異的學(xué)習(xí),就增強了文化差異意識,了解了西方的人際關(guān)系及交往的深層次模式,從而學(xué)會得體地進行交際。

三、結(jié)語

總之,為了提高課堂交際法教學(xué)的質(zhì)量,教師應(yīng)該認真鉆研教學(xué)規(guī)律,精心設(shè)計課堂交際活動的內(nèi)容,用心研究,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行有效的參與,真正開展交際教學(xué)。

篇4

敘述方法，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生口語表達。識字教學(xué)要與發(fā)展思維、發(fā)展語言相結(jié)合。在識字教學(xué)過程中，教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生用已有的知識自學(xué)，并有意識地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用語言敘述自己自學(xué)的方法和結(jié)果，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的表達能力。如，學(xué)習(xí)“告”字：先讓學(xué)生自學(xué)，用自己喜歡的方式識記；再讓學(xué)生交流識字方法，有的學(xué)生說“我是用熟字加一部分的方法學(xué)習(xí)的，告字上面是牛字一豎不露尾，下面加個口”，有的學(xué)生說“我是先把上面一部分拆開成一撇和一個土字，下面加個口”，還有的學(xué)生說“我覺得我的辦法比他們的還好，我是用編字謎的方法來學(xué)習(xí)的，謎語是：一口咬掉牛尾巴”。學(xué)生在說方法的過程中，相互啟發(fā)、補充，語言能力在無形之中得到了提高。

2. 關(guān)注生活，利用一切機會練習(xí)口語交際 語文學(xué)習(xí)的外延和生活的外延大致相當(dāng)。生活是口語交際的內(nèi)容，口語交際是生活中必不可少的一種交際工具，豐富多彩的生活給口語交際提供了源頭活水。教師要善于捕捉現(xiàn)實生活中的精彩畫面，創(chuàng)設(shè)口語交際的情境，利用一切機會，對學(xué)生進行口語交際訓(xùn)練。

對話是人們在日常生活中最基本的說話方式，是人們運用口頭語言進行交際的主要形式之一，說話具有即時性。學(xué)生在校最多的空余時間就是課間，所以，教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在課間交流中，要求學(xué)生對每一個話題的表述都盡量做到說流利、有條理、說準確，并注意選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)膶υ挿绞剑纬闪己玫挠?xùn)練氛圍和說話習(xí)慣，進行對話訓(xùn)練。久而久之，學(xué)生就會在對話中不斷糾正錯誤，提高說話質(zhì)量。優(yōu)秀的電影、電視節(jié)目，學(xué)生都非常喜歡觀看，教師可從學(xué)生愛看的電影、電視節(jié)目中找到切入口，通過多種形式，進行說話訓(xùn)練。如《西游記》是人人喜歡看的電視劇，在學(xué)生觀看后，我組織他們說說劇中的精彩情節(jié)，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說話的條理性、準確性；對劇中空白的情節(jié)進行想象說話；有時讓學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)述節(jié)目的主要內(nèi)容；我還組織了一次“《西游記》人物評論會”，學(xué)生的說話具有較強的針對性、層次性，收到良好的訓(xùn)練效果。此外，孩子們感興趣的動畫片、電影，都是學(xué)生進行口語訓(xùn)練的好題材。這樣的說話訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生能在愉快的氣氛中，既回顧了電影、電視節(jié)目的內(nèi)容，豐富了知識儲備，又使學(xué)生的口頭表達能力得到了訓(xùn)練，一舉多得，是可以經(jīng)常性、長期進行訓(xùn)練的好方式。

篇5

中圖分類號：G63 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1674-098X（2014）06（c）-0115-01

口語交際能力是指用有聲語言的形式同時輔助適當(dāng)?shù)姆钦Z言手段，以聽、說為主要的實現(xiàn)途徑來進行情感交流和信息溝通的能力，其中包括了對文化設(shè)定的理解把握以及對語言應(yīng)用知識的利用。[1] 口語交際能力之所以重要，是因為它同時兼具了溝通的不可替代性和信息傳遞溝通的直接和有效性。語文作為對中國傳統(tǒng)語言文化的深入，在教學(xué)過程中對學(xué)生進行口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)，至關(guān)重要。

1 口語交際能力的內(nèi)涵和必要性

口語交際能力教學(xué)是中學(xué)語文教學(xué)中的重要組成部分，在《全日制義務(wù)教育語文課程標準》中對這一項提出新的要求，規(guī)定口語交際能力不僅要做到簡單的對語言的理解和掌握，還應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況對不同對象使用不同的語言形式?？谡Z交際能力表現(xiàn)在一個人的綜合素質(zhì)和能力中，是一種可以終身受用的語言能力。

在中學(xué)語文教學(xué)中，口語交際能力是一項重要的組成部分，培養(yǎng)中學(xué)生語文教學(xué)中的口語交際能力十分有必要性。首先，語文是一門人文社會學(xué)科，其教學(xué)內(nèi)容是語言文化。因此，對語文這門學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)就意味著對語言文化的學(xué)習(xí)，教學(xué)的最終目的是將知識應(yīng)用在生活中，而學(xué)生的口語交際能力可以將語言的藝術(shù)性、實用性融合在生活中，是對語文這門學(xué)科的一種升華。好的口語交際能力既滿足了學(xué)生日常生活學(xué)習(xí)的需要，也總體提升了學(xué)生的綜合能力。由此可見，在中學(xué)語文教學(xué)中，對于學(xué)生口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)占據(jù)多么重要的地位。

2 現(xiàn)今語文教育體系中口語交際能力存在的問題

語文教學(xué)改革始于20世紀70年代，在改革中于聽說方面取得了一定的突破，但是同樣也存在很多的不足。地域間、不同等級的學(xué)校之間、不同教師的能力等都是產(chǎn)生不足的決定因素。問題主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面。

2.1 缺少互動

口語交際能力最注重培養(yǎng)的就是與人溝通的能力。但是就目前的情勢來看，在實際的口語交際能力的教學(xué)過程中，教師缺乏溝通意識，往往只是將課本的知識機械性的傳遞給學(xué)生。如在進行課文講解時，教師只是通過對文章內(nèi)容的分析來教授學(xué)生，并沒有與學(xué)生溝通交流。很多學(xué)生在課堂中沒有發(fā)言的機會，教師也對學(xué)生的發(fā)言缺少正確的認識，由此導(dǎo)致了師生之間的交流不足，長此以往，使學(xué)生失去了表達和發(fā)言的欲望，最終導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是學(xué)生的口語交際能力低下，喪失學(xué)習(xí)興趣，嚴重者還會產(chǎn)生與人溝通困難的心理障礙。

2.2 教師自身意識不強、水平不足

在整個教育體制中，教師起到導(dǎo)向作用。而在語言教育中，教師自身的能力也決定了學(xué)生是否能夠很好的領(lǐng)悟語言的魅力，從而更好地吸收知識。而現(xiàn)今的中學(xué)語文教學(xué)中，大部分教師注重的都是對學(xué)生書面能力的培養(yǎng)，注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的答題技巧等以期學(xué)生能在中考中取得更好的成績，由此就形成了一種“啞巴語言”的現(xiàn)象。同時由于教師自身的能力不足，導(dǎo)致在教學(xué)過程中，教學(xué)語言不夠流暢，缺少邏輯性和條理性，在語言表達過程中過于隨意，無法使學(xué)生真的受到感染。語言的學(xué)習(xí)是有一定的枯燥性的，如果教師不能很好的運用輕松幽默的方式來帶給學(xué)生愉快的學(xué)習(xí)情緒，那么就會使學(xué)生喪失學(xué)習(xí)語言的興趣，使學(xué)生用語言無法很好的表達自己的感受，影響了學(xué)生的口語交際能力。

2.3 實際應(yīng)用不足

想要真正的把一門語言理解透徹，實際應(yīng)用是最好的方式。但是著眼于當(dāng)今的教育現(xiàn)狀，很多語文教學(xué)都無法做到這一點，學(xué)校和教師將大部分的精力都投入到課堂的教學(xué)之中，忽略了讓學(xué)生將語言實際應(yīng)用到生活中的能力。僅憑死記硬背課本知識，無法培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的應(yīng)對以及交際能力，無法掌握基本的口語交際技巧和交際方法，不能更好的與人溝通交流思想。久而久之，學(xué)生的口語交際能力變?nèi)?，不能更好的適應(yīng)社會。

3 口語交際能力提升途徑

根據(jù)上述對于當(dāng)今于中學(xué)語文教學(xué)中對學(xué)生口語交際能力培養(yǎng)中的問題分析，可以明確的知道，只有教師正確的引導(dǎo)，在師生之間、生生之間建立起良好的溝通模式，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將課本知識融入生活之中，注重實踐，才能更好的提升學(xué)生的口語交際能力。具體做法有以下幾點。

3.1 注重口語交際教學(xué)過程中的互動性

教師應(yīng)做到“以學(xué)生為主體”，將學(xué)生放在課堂的主體地位中，在實際的口語交際教學(xué)過程中，應(yīng)根據(jù)具體要求，設(shè)定相應(yīng)的對話情境，增強學(xué)生之間、師生之間的互動。例如可以根據(jù)課本內(nèi)容安排學(xué)生進行課本劇表演，由學(xué)生自行安排角色并攥寫臺詞，這樣在表演的過程中，可以讓學(xué)生設(shè)身處地的理解文章中主人公的心理變化，可以更深刻、更直觀地理解作者的中心思想，也同時提高了學(xué)生的口語表達能力和交際能力，進一步增強同學(xué)們的口語交際互動性。

3.2 對教師進行培訓(xùn)

教師作為學(xué)生的引導(dǎo)者，教師的能力和水平?jīng)Q定了學(xué)生對于知識的吸收能力。學(xué)校應(yīng)該定期對教師進行培訓(xùn)和進修，讓教師培養(yǎng)自己的語言能力，在教學(xué)過程中做到語言具有邏輯性、條理性，同時富有幽默感。這在一方面不僅為學(xué)校提供了更優(yōu)質(zhì)的師資力量，也從另一方面提升了學(xué)生的總體素質(zhì)。教師合理運用自己的語言能力，在教學(xué)過程中建立起一個輕松、愉悅的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍，這樣可以更好地引發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，使學(xué)生能夠更全面的吸收課本知識。

3.3 將口語交際能力應(yīng)用到實際中

學(xué)習(xí)語言的最終目的就是為了在實際中應(yīng)用。學(xué)校應(yīng)當(dāng)注重對學(xué)生的口語交際能力的實際應(yīng)用的培養(yǎng)，比如可以利用課后的時間舉辦詩歌朗讀大賽、演講比賽、辯論比賽等，這些從一方面可以鍛煉學(xué)生的思維能力，對于正在成長過程中的中學(xué)生思維模式的塑性有著重要意義，另一方面也可以更好的培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的口語交際能力，讓學(xué)生在應(yīng)用的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)在自身不足，從而在今后的學(xué)習(xí)中更有側(cè)重點，更好的完善自身能力。

4 結(jié)語

口語交際能力是對語言這門學(xué)科的最重要的表現(xiàn)形式，是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維能力得以發(fā)展的重要途徑，口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)不但可以增強學(xué)生的合作交往意識和口頭表述能力，也可以更好的提升學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)。因此在中學(xué)語文教學(xué)中，應(yīng)當(dāng)著重主義對學(xué)生口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)。

篇6

口語交際能力是當(dāng)代中國人最重要也是最實用的能力之一，小學(xué)作為塑造學(xué)生性格和培育學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵時期，對小學(xué)生溝通能力和人際交往能力的培養(yǎng)至關(guān)重要。因此，語文教師應(yīng)該充分利用閱讀訓(xùn)練與口語交際的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系性，讓學(xué)生不斷加強口語交際能力，提升學(xué)生的語文素質(zhì)。

一、小學(xué)語文閱讀教學(xué)中口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)現(xiàn)狀

（一）缺乏培養(yǎng)意識

我國小學(xué)語文閱讀教學(xué)偏重對文中字詞、作者思想感情以及文章排篇布局、遣詞用句的理解，教師普遍沒有形成在小學(xué)語文閱讀教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生口語交際能力的意識。再者，口語交際能力屬于主觀能力，難以通過客觀的方式檢驗，因此，在應(yīng)試中并沒有考核，這也導(dǎo)致一些教師對口語交際能力的不重視，從而將大把的時間和精力花費到應(yīng)試題型上，忽視了對學(xué)生口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)。即使有部分老師認識到了口語交際能力培養(yǎng)的重要性，他們也將口語交際能力培養(yǎng)與閱讀訓(xùn)練教學(xué)分開看待，利用不多的口語交際課程對學(xué)生進行理論性指導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練，這種處理方式浪費了大量的口語交際培養(yǎng)資源。因此，改變教師對口語交際教學(xué)的意識至關(guān)重要。

（二）教學(xué)手段單一、低效

目前，我國小學(xué)語文教師對學(xué)生口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)方式大多是朗讀和復(fù)述，學(xué)生對課堂的參與積極性不高，訓(xùn)練方式效率低下，沒有形成良好的溝通氛圍，交際性不強，達不到培養(yǎng)學(xué)生交際能力的目的。教師對口語交際教學(xué)手段的不了解，影響了口語交際課程的效果，降低了學(xué)生對口語交際的興趣，從而影響了學(xué)生的口語交際能力。

（三）缺乏有效的評價

正如前文所提及的，口語交際能力是一種極其主觀的能力，不能通過尋常的測試方式進行評價，長期以來，小學(xué)語文測試只注重學(xué)生識文斷字的能力，而對于學(xué)生口語交際的考查則體現(xiàn)在任課老師的口頭提問上。這種口頭評價隨意性強，模糊不清，缺乏一定的標準，也沒有明確的指導(dǎo)性，影響學(xué)生形成系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)。

二、小學(xué)語文閱讀教學(xué)中口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)方法

（一）重視對口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)

小學(xué)生口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)不僅可以提高學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，還可以為他們?nèi)蘸笞呦蛏鐣蛳铝己玫幕A(chǔ)，提高其綜合素質(zhì)，因此，對學(xué)生口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)是小學(xué)語文教學(xué)重要的一環(huán)。部分教師必須改變其老舊的觀念，正視對學(xué)生口語交際能力培養(yǎng)的重要性，從聽、說、讀、寫等各個方面考查并培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的口語交際能力。鼓勵學(xué)生在讀懂文章的同時勇于說出自己的認知和感受，將口語交際訓(xùn)練融入閱讀教學(xué)中，在閱讀訓(xùn)練中潛移默化地加強學(xué)生對口語交際方面的訓(xùn)練，激發(fā)學(xué)生進行口語交際的積極性，讓學(xué)生愛說、想說、敢說。

（二）創(chuàng)新教學(xué)方法

教師應(yīng)該積極創(chuàng)新，改變原有的教學(xué)手段，利用閱讀教學(xué)與口語交際訓(xùn)練的相互滲透性，探索培養(yǎng)學(xué)生口語交際能力的新方法。小學(xué)閱讀多是故事類閱讀，情節(jié)生動有趣，教師可以依托文本，鼓勵學(xué)生通過角色扮演的形式，創(chuàng)設(shè)出貼近生活的對話情境，讓學(xué)生在模擬對話中受到潛移默化的影響，增強語言能力，提高臨場應(yīng)變能力，達到口語交際訓(xùn)練的目的。

其次，教師也可以組織學(xué)生進行演講活動，鼓勵學(xué)生公開表達自己的意見，增強學(xué)生的語言組織能力和表達能力，提高學(xué)生“聽話”和“說話”的能力，教師可以設(shè)置討論辯論環(huán)節(jié)，鼓勵學(xué)生將個人觀點講清楚，并與其他同學(xué)在此基礎(chǔ)進行商討和辯論，完善自己的觀點，深化自己的見解。這種創(chuàng)新性的教學(xué)方式可以有效地活躍課堂氣氛，激起學(xué)生的口語交際興趣，在輕松的環(huán)境下完成對口語交際能力的提高。

（三）有效評價

有效的評價措施對提高學(xué)生口語交際能力有著重要的意義，因此，采取有效的評價措施，完善小學(xué)口語交際評價機制勢在必行。教師可以將筆試與口試相結(jié)合，通過筆試，可以設(shè)置一些情境對話問題的形式，提高教師和學(xué)生對口語交際訓(xùn)練的重視程度，并且可以在理論層面對學(xué)生進行考查，督促學(xué)生盡快掌握口語交際的知識和技能?？谠囃ㄟ^設(shè)置講述、應(yīng)對、轉(zhuǎn)述、即席講話、主題演講等多種方式全面考查學(xué)生對口語交際的認識和表達溝通的水平。

綜上所述，良好的口語交際能力是21世紀社會人必備的素質(zhì)，

如何通過閱讀教學(xué)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的口語交際能力是當(dāng)代教師必須思考的問題。在小學(xué)口語交際培養(yǎng)中，教師必須認識到自身的不足之處，正視口語交際的重要性，創(chuàng)新教學(xué)手段，完善評價機制，營造愉悅的教學(xué)氛圍，將閱讀教學(xué)與口語交際聯(lián)系在一起，設(shè)計出更適合小學(xué)生口語交際訓(xùn)練的方法。

參考文獻：

篇7

近年來，隨著我國改革開放的發(fā)展和我國與國際間的經(jīng)濟、科技、文化交流日益頻繁，人們越來越重視外國文化問題。同時，我們也逐漸認識到了了解外國文化在對外交往中的重要性。在教育領(lǐng)域中，外語教學(xué)也漸漸重視對學(xué)生交際能力的培養(yǎng)。然而，對許多老師而言，文化教學(xué)還是一個較新的概念，從跨文化角度對英語教學(xué)進行研究探討在目前還是個新領(lǐng)域。我們必須認識到交際能力的培養(yǎng)是外語教學(xué)的主要目標，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生跨文化交際的技能是中學(xué)外語教學(xué)要達到的一個目標。文化教學(xué)在中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的重要性不可忽視，英語學(xué)習(xí)者不了解英語國家的文化，就無法獲得交際能力。因此在中學(xué)英語口語教學(xué)中應(yīng)該目標明確地，循序漸進地，方法得當(dāng)?shù)貙?dǎo)入文化教學(xué)，使英語學(xué)習(xí)者在學(xué)習(xí)語言和知識的同時受到文化的熏陶，在跨文化交際中游刃有余。

關(guān)鍵詞： 跨文化交際；文化教學(xué)；中學(xué)英語口語教學(xué)

ABSTRACT

Since last century, because of reforming and opening policy, many people, especially young people go abroad to get a better job or get further education and so on. Besides, many foreigners are curious about our country. Consequently, people come to realize that if we know little about cross-cultural communication, there will be many conflicts. Some experts suggest that today’s English teaching should emphasize intercultural communication. Learners ought to know not only grammar or words, but should learn cultural knowledge. If not, they will meet many difficulties while they communicate with foreigners. Therefore, it is important to introduce this kind of knowledge while teaching. We can’t neglect the importance of culture teaching in middle school foreign language teaching, English teachers should integrate culture into ELF teaching gradually and appropriately. Thus the students may have a better understanding of the target language, and they may communicate freely and effectively in cross-culture communication.

Keywords：Cross-cultural communication; Cultural teaching; middle school ELF oral teaching

Contents

1. Introduction 2

2. the concept of intercultural communication 3

2.1 Literature review 3

2.2 Definition of intercultural communication 4

3.A survey based on classroom observations 7

3.1 The analysis of interviews 7

3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire 7

3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1) 9

3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2) 10

3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum 12

4. Ways of improving cross-cultural communication competence in middle school oral teaching 15

4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence 17

4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in chinese middle school 17

4.2.1 Some strategies to learners 17

4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers 19

5. Conclusion 25

Acknowledgements 26

References 27

AppendixⅠ 28

1． Introduction

Language is just like a mirror that reflects its national culture. Sociologists and anthropologists believe that culture comprises all products of human activity, including fields of literature, art, music, architecture, and scientific as well as aspects of customs, life-style, code of conduct, worldly wisdom and social organization, etc. Languages are generally accepted words and rules drawn from speech. Language is the carrier of culture and culture is the content of language20.

   Worldwide interest in intercultural communication grows out of two assumptions. First, we live in an age when changes in technology, travel, economy, and political systems, immigration patterns, especially the emergence of Internet, have created a world in which we increasingly interact with people from different cultures. And whether we like it or not, these interactions will continue to grow in both frequently and intensely. Second, people now know that the influence of culture affects communication in a subtle way. Our culture perceptions and experiences help determine how the world looks and how we interact in the world.

    However, as we look back to see the situation in China’s high schools. We see that, for several decades, language teachers have not been able to pay attention to the role of culture knowledge in language oral teaching. Nowadays, in the ELF oral teaching, especially in middle school, teachers pay much attention to vocabulary.

   As Chinese culture is not the same as that of English-speaking countries, the rules for using Chinese are, in some respects, different from those using English. There is especially good evidence that Chinese students may transfer their mother tongue references of language used to their English performance and fail to communicate effectively[1]24. Misunderstanding caused by cross-cultural communication should break down and much attention should be paid to them in English language t eaching.

   So in middle school ELF oral teaching, teachers must not only improve students’ language level, but also pay attention to cultivating students’ abilities of intercultural communication.

2. The concept of intercultural communication

2.1 Literature review

More and more common practice of intercultural communication promotes the emergence of the concept of intercultural communicative competence. It is a challenging issue for language study and language teaching.

In 1965, Chomsky put forward the concept of linguistic competence and linguistic performance. Later, it was challenged by Campbell and Wales (1970) and Hymes (1972). Hymes (1972) argues that the appropriateness of language is the core of communicative competence, and he sees communicative competence as part of cultural competence. Canale and Swain (1980) put forward a more complex framework, and Canale (1983) summarized communicative competence in the way that it includes four component parts --- grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic. Canale’s conclusion in fact suggests that all aspects of language using are determined by culture. The continuous theoretical research of communicative competence has paved the way for the development of language teaching in which cultural factors are considered more and more important.

In 1975, the first textbook on intercultural communication “An Introduction to Intercultural Communication” (Conden & Yousef ) was published, and many other books followed it. The research on intercultural communication has developed quickly, and has exerted incredible influence on language and cultural teaching.

Traditional language teaching divides language techniques into listening, speaking, reading and writing. Deman (1987) applied the theories of intercultural communication to language and cultural teaching, and viewed cultural teaching as the fifth dimension of language teaching. Seelye published a book named “Teaching Culture: Strategies for Foreign Language Education” in 1984. Gumperz (1982) conducted investigations on the “discourse strategy” of the communicators who had a non-English cultural background and who spoke English as the second language. He revealed that those communicators’ assumptions of the world that had been formed in their native cultural context would exert great influence on intercultural communication. This, in turn, has stimulated a trend in language teaching that sees culture as discourse (Widdowson, 1984; Mclarthy, 1991; Kramsch, 1993; Candlin,1994; Hanks,1996). So since 1990, process-centered and task-oriented teaching mode has been widely adopted in the west.

Besides, American applied linguist G. Robinson (1985) put forward an important concept that through language and cultural teaching learners would gain “Cultural Versatility”. That is to say, through learning culture, learners would change internally. This viewpoint is quite significant.

Prof. Michael Bryam’s research is also strikingly notable. He holds that foreign language education includes four parts: language learning, language understanding, cultural understanding, and cultural experience.

2.2 Definition of intercultural communication

“Intercultural Communication” can hence be defined as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ form each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior. In this Concepts of intercultural and Combines the Concepts of intercultural and communication, It also describes the problems and pitfalls of misunderstanding and the skills and competence required for successfully understanding member of other culture.

Thanks to Edward T. Hall who is regarded as the founder of intercultural communication, a new brink knowledge, intercultural communication, has been becoming more and more widespread in the whole world ever since the publication of his great work The Silence Language. Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual processing tool with which people from different cultures create shared meaning[2]115. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message produced in one culture must be processed in another culture. It can best be understood as cultural variance in the perception of social objects and events. The barriers to communication caused by this perceptual variance can best be lowered by a knowledge and understanding of cultural factors that are subject to variance, coupled with an honest and sincere desire to communicate successfully across cultural boundaries.

Intercultural communication refers to communication between persons who have d ifferent cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving.

2.2.1 Cultural and cross-cultural communication

Cultural awareness in language learning is the ability to be aware of cultural relativity following reading, writing, listening and speaking. As Claire kramsch points out…[12]

If…language is seen as social practice, culture becomes the very core of language teaching, cultural awareness must then be viewed as enabling language proficiency…

Language itself is defined by culture. Language competent cannot be achieved without a good understanding of culture that shapes it, especially in foreign language learning. It is not only therefore essential to have cultural awareness, but also have cross-cultural communication awareness, such as the understanding of the relationship between target culture and native culture.

2.2.2 Culture teaching and ELF oral teaching in middle school

The interrelationship between culture teaching and language teaching has been explored in depth by Michael Byram. The basis of Byram’s position is that it views language as a cultural phenomenon, embodying the values and meanings particular to a specific society, referring to the traditions and artifacts of that society and signaling its people’s sense of themselves—their cultural identity: “to teach foreign culture is to introduce learners to new competences and to allow them to reflect upon their own culture and cultural competence[2].” It is assumed by others that language could somehow stand alone and be taught as a value-free symbolic system. But the social nature of language works oppositely when separating it from its original culture, especially when appearing in overseas contexts, where the learners’ contact with the culture is largely confined to the foreign language classroom.

Traditional foreign language teaching does not pay much attention to cultural factor. It focuses mainly on the vocabulary and structure of the language. But plenty of facts prove that language is not only a symbol, a system, which put forward by pure linguistic theory scholar, but also a social practice. Therefore successful foreign language teaching must help the student master the knowledge of culture rules, in addition to use them in particular situation. Every nation has its unique culture pattern and language is the carrier of culture. For instance, Asians emphasize the importance of orderly society whereas Americans emphasize the importance of personal freedom and individual rights. For effective and appropriate communication, learners in middle school must be familiar with the differences in the foreign culture which they are learning and take according language behaviors.

3. A survey based on classroom observations

Survey date: 25/02/2009

Survey instrument: interview and questionnaire.

Subjects: students of Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school.  30 students are interviewed, 98 students (30 interviewed students and another 68 students) participate in questionnaire. All the 98 copies of questionnaire are valid.

The objective of this survey is to investigate:

1) Students’ attitudes towards cross-cultural communication in the ELF oral learning

2) Current situation of students’ information input.

3.1 The analysis of interviews

     Thirty English learners are interviewed and are invited to answer only one question: what is a competent language learner like in your eyes? The responses tend to fall into three categories:

 (1)  Twenty five interviewees think that he or she is good at English listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities, especially at speaking and listening;

 (2)  Ten of them think he or she is familiar with foreign culture and is a successful cross-cultural communicator.

 (3)  Five of them think a good command of native language is necessary.

 In order to describe more directly, the results of interviews are put into a table (Table.1).

Table1. Results of the Interview

                               

Positive attitudes  Percentage

Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.33％ (25/30)

Accumulation of culture 33.33％ (10/30)

Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ ( 5/30)

    These students’ responses reveal the following information:

    Firstly, these students still see the four basic skills (speaking, listening, reading and writing) as their main study objective. Secondly, cross-cultural communication competence has already been realized by language learners, but this group is small compared to the whole. Thirdly, the importance of mother tongue competence has only been seen by a few interviewees.

    According to this interview, most interviewees have realized the importance of language proficiency in language learning, but the point is why only one third of the interviewees have realized the importance and necessity of cross-cultural communicative competence since which are discussed so warmly in present language teachin g world? Do they hold a negative view on it or do they just have not yet obtained the awareness consciously?

3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire

The English learning questionnaire consists of nine closed-ended questions (see Appendix), For instance, “you have the interest and passion in English and language learning”, and the answers falls into four types:

 1. Strongly Agree (SA)　2. Agree (A)　3. Disagree (D)　4. Strongly Disagree (SD)

 According to the research content, the analysis of questionnaire is divided into two parts. The first five are put in Table 2 and the rest four questions are put in Table 4.

3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)

  This part of analysis involves data analysis on questions 1-5 in the questionnaire and a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.

3.2.1.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)

Table2. Results of Questions 1-5 in Questionnaire

                                    

 SA A D SD

1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning  60.29％  31.65％ 2.04％ 6.02％

2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary  17.35％  69.39％ 13.26％ 0.00％

3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in the ELF oral learning  44.90％  53.06％ 2.04％ 0.00％

4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural communication competence are of equal importance   50.00％  48.98％ 1.02％ 0.00％

5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on   39.80％  60.20％ 0.00％ 0.00％

                                              

Questions 1-5 (see appendix) indicate a clear picture of students’ attitudes towards language proficiency learning, native language learning, and accumulation on cross-cultural communication competence, literature, and politics and so on. On the importance of the cultivation of reading, speaking, listening and writing in language learning, 91.94% (60.29% SA+31.65% A) of English majors agree and of which 64.29% strongly agree. On daily English novels reading, a total of 86.74% (17.35% SA+69.39% A) consider it necessary. On the necessity a good command of native language, 97.96% (44.90% SA+53.06% A) of English learners agree. On the relation of native language learning and foreign language learning, 98.98% (50.0% SA+48.98% A) believe that these two are of equal importance. Finally, on a regularly reading of politics, economy, and culture, all (39.80% SA+60.20% A) the students hold a supportive attitude.

3.2.1.2 Comparison between the interviews and the questionnaire

     With regards to the similarities of the contents examined, it seems necessary to

have a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.

Table3. Comparison between the Interviews and the Questionnaire

Positive attitudes (SA+A) Interview

(open-ended) Questionnaire

(close-ended)

Foreign Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.88％  91.94％

Accumulation of intercultural communication competence 33.33％ 98.98％

Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ 97.96％

From the table above, the comparison is very clear that, towards the same research content, interviewees’ responds vary when they are faced with different types of questions. The gap is especially seen on the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency. Compared with open-ended question in the interview, interviewees tend to hold a more supportive view on closed-ended questions in the questionnaire. In other word, most English learners subjectively admit the importance of the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency, but the point is, not all of them have already obtained the awareness. However, two questions have been proposed from the comparison: (1) Why English learners have not obtained the cross-cultural awareness which should be tied up with the ELF oral learning? (2) Is that because they subjectively lack learning motivation or objectively, they lack timely and efficiently teachers’ cultural guidance?

3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2)

     This part of questionnaire (table4 in next page) mainly focuses on students’ attitudes towards learning motivation as well as classroom learning. Before the analysis is taken, a brief introduction on motivation can help to have a better understanding on the analysis.

1) Integrative motivation

Motivation has been identified as the learners’ orientation with regards to the goal of learning foreign language69. This form of motivation is known as integrative motivation.

.2) Instrumental Motivation

In contrast to integrative motivation is the form of motivation which is known as in strumental motivation. This is generally characterized by the desire to obtain something practical from the study of foreign language[9]125. With instrumental motivation, the purpose of study is more practical, such as meeting the requirements for college graduation, applying for a job and achieving higher social status.

Table4. Results of Questions 6-9 in Questionnaire

                                      

 SA A    D  SD

6) Your have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning 14.29％ 61.22％ 21.43％ 3.06％

7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after the graduation 21.43％ 66.33％ 11.22％ 1.02％

8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning abilities and improve your cross-cultural skills  2.04％ 7.14％ 71.43％ 19.39％

9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. 25.51％ 63.27％ 9.18％ 2.04％

As is shown in the table (results of questions 6 and 7), 75.51% (14.29%SA+61.22%A) of English learners have the interest and passion in language learning, and 87.76% (21.43%SA+66.33%A) of them would like to get an English related job in the future. According to the introduction of motivation, the answers to those two questions (questions 6 and 7) can be taken as the representation of integrative and instrumental motivation respectively. Therefore, a conclusion can be made that, most students subjectively want to make a living by using their language competence.

In order to check the condition of students’ cultural information input, questions 8 and 9 are designed and analyzed. 89.82% (71.43%D+19.39SD) of English learners do not think that the  present classroom teaching can cultivate their learning abilities and improve their cross-cultural communication competence, whereas a total of 88.78% (25.51%SA+63.27%A) hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. It can be found that most English majors are not satisfied with the current classroom teaching. They hope to enjoy a more interactive and communicative teaching style. The traditional text-based grammatical and linguistic teaching could not meet the needs of the cultivation of communicative competence to some extent. What’s more important is that students are supposed to have a consciously as well as unconsciously cultural awareness promote by language teachers.

3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum

It is shown from the result of question 8 in the table above (table 4) that present foreign language teaching has not provided a satisfactory fruit on cultural awareness cultivation. A question should be taken into consideration, that is, how can cross-culture awareness be expressed in the foreign language curriculum, with the purpose to cultivate language learners’ cultural awareness and communication insight into the target civilization? For a long time, this has been attempted by introducing the geographical environment and historical or political development of the foreign culture, its institutions and customs, its literary achievements, and even everyday life of its people. Take English learners in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school as an example, their cultural input has largely come from courses such as Extensive Reading, Communication between Cultures, American Literature, and An Outline Introduction to Britain and America, and so on. Following is a basic analysis on the four courses.

                     Table5. Courses Information

Course Duration Teacherˊs background

Extensive Reading first 4 terms Chinese

 Communication  between cultures the 7th term New Zealander

American literature  the 7th term Chinese

An Outline Introduction to Britain and America  the 7th term Canadian

Extensive Reading was taught by a Chinese teacher during the first four terms, and the teaching contents mainly focus on western culture, economy, politic, education and so on. After two years study, it helps students build up a general view on western civilization. Communication between Cultures is taught by a English-speaking teacher from New Zealand, the teaching content seems “boring and meaningless” said the majority of students, the teacher read the chapters from the book to the class instead of giving practical cross-cultural communication analysis. So for most students, they did not learn as much as they expected from this course. American literature was taught by a Chinese teacher, and the teaching contents include background information introduction and literacy reading. An Outline Introduction to Britain and America was taught by a Canadian teacher who has a good experience on both British and American cultures. In this course, students are introduced to a comparison of the British and American culture.

From what have been introduced above, it can be seen that although there are four courses and an 28-month course duration, most of what students have taken is an education of “cultural background knowledge” on Chinese or English rather t han practical cross-cultural communication stimulation such as comparisons or contradictions between the target and native  culture. To some extent, it revels why most English students have not got a conscious awareness in cultural or cross-cultural communication competence.

Through comparisons between the interview and the questionnaire, it can be seen that students hold positive attitudes on develop the competence of intercultural communication, but for some reasons, not so many have already obtained conscious cross-cultural awareness. Through further analysis of curriculum on cultural teaching, it reveals that present cultural teaching in ELF oral teaching shows the weakness in practical, sufficient and conscious cultural input to help build up language learner’s cross-cultural awareness. Moreover, the current teaching is also expected to be more communicative and interactive. Thus, following on are the possible ways to promote the competence of intercultural communication,

4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence

Firstly, it is vital for language teachers to help language learners develop their cross-cultural communication competence. If the final purpose of intercultural communication competence cultivation is to help students to acquire cross-cultural communication competence, then what cross-cultural communication competence is? According to Kramsch’s opinion, cross-cultural awareness is not really a skill, but a collection of skills and attitudes known as a competence[12].

Secondly, it is necessary to make clear what cross-cultural awareness skills students are supposed to acquire. It has been suggested that cross-cultural awareness consists of having four different perspectives on communication with a different culture. Cross-cultural competent students should be able to:

----look at their own culture from the point of view of their own culture (for example, having a good understanding and awareness of their own culture)

----Be aware of how their culture is seen from outside, by other countries or cultures

----understand or see the target culture from its own perspective (for example, understanding and being aware of what other people think of their own culture)

----Be aware of how they see the target culture

4.1.1 The request of the development of Internationalization

Lin Dajin in the “cross-cultural communication study, ” pointed out that culture can be defined as “ the integrated feature that a nation is distinct from another nation. ” Cultural differences are the barriers of cross-cultural communication. The modernization process accelerated the circulation of spiritual and material products, and brought all nationalities into a common “global village”, cross-cultural communication became an integral part of national life. If people do not understand the cultural convention in the USA or Britain, and use the way of China to treat foreigners, then it will create a lot of jokes, and even hurt each other's feelings, self-esteem and cause misunderstanding. Thus, to overcome the cultural differences caused by communication barriers has become a common problem faced by the entire world.

4.1.2 It is imperative to understand the cultural background knowledge

Understanding cultural knowledge is the key to language learning. “One can not really learn the language, and teach language well unless one knows the patterns and norms of culture and cultural background[14]224. ” Without a specific cultural background, language is non-existent. If we don’t know the culture of target language, we would find it is difficult to understand the meaning of certain words. For example, “Thanksgiving”, “Sandwich” has been brought about in a specific social and historical circumstance, it is not enough merely to know the meaning of the surface of these words. Another example is: “You are, indeed, a lucky dog”, the literal translation is “you are a lucky dog. ” This is a satiric sentence in China, because, in Chinese views, “dog” is an expression when people used to refer generally to dislike someone. While in English, it can mean, “You are a lucky man. ” In Western society, “dog” is a family member, and they are harmonious coexisting with people “Dog” here refers to people instead of satirizing others, but a very intimate expression.

4.1.3 Cultural knowledge teaching is the objective of language teaching

The main objective of language teaching is to train and develop students’ interpersonal skills. And cultural knowledge teaching can increase the ability of cross-cultural communication, which is the important content to achieve goals of language teaching. For example, in American society, praise and compliments language that flatter mainly a personal appearance, new things, personal property, and individuals in a ce rtain area are commonly used as the introduction to a conversation. This is different from Chinese. Thus, different nations have different cultural environments, different living habits and different languages behavior expressions. And as a language learner, if not ideologically “physically entering their social linguistic environment” will be difficult to achieve the goal of language learning，not to say that language teaching objectives will be accomplished.

4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school

After the survey research and data analysis, now we have a clear idea of the common reasons that triggered the weakness of the cross-cultural communication in middle school ELF oral teaching. However, we do not have a clarity solution about this situations. Therefore, some strategies were listed here to help learners with their language learning.

4.2.1 Some strategies to learners

4.2.1.1Raising culture awareness

Culture awareness is the term we have used to describe sensitivity to the impact of culturally---induced behavior on language use and communication. It including two qualities: one is awareness of one’s own culture, the other is awareness of the culture[7]15.

      Unfortunately, in China, cross-cultural communication errors can be found from time to time. In the ELF oral learning, culture factor needs to be taken seriously. To cultivate students’ intercultural communication we need first to arouse their cultural awareness. Because of different cultural background, life experience, profession, sex, education, even age, character, people may have different modes of interaction. People learn to think, feel, behave and strive for what their culture considers proper. These means there might not be the same as what is intended by the speaker. If we are aware of this, we can avoid ethnocentricity, and can have better communication with people all over the world.

      Speakers of a foreign language often have the experience of making careless mistakes which may cause get angry, may be embarrassing and may arouse hostility from native speaker. Often such mistakes occur even though the application of the linguistic rules of grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation is correct. These mistakes are culture errors but occur because of not knowing or choosing the appropriate style, and manner to use for effective communication.

4.2.1.2 The development of sensitiveness to culture differences

   There are four stages in the development of the sensitiveness to culture differences. The first, one can make out the obvious, superficial culture characteristics. In other word, he will find them interesting and exotic. The second, one can judge the delicate meaningful cultural characteristics that are quite different from his own. Usually he will feel them incredible or hard to accept .The third, one can accept the cultural characteristics after rational analysis. The fourth, one can be in the other peoples’ shoes and appreciate the cultural characteristics. In other words, the first three stage can be understood, and the fourth empathy.

4.2.1.3 The development of empathy

  In order to communication effectively, you need a deep degree of empathy, that is to be able to understand the other person’s affective and cognitive states. Empathy differs from sympathy in that it does not include pity or approval. And focuses on the feelings of others, not our own[12]114. Empathy involves relativism and flexibility, which knowledge alone cannot consist. Teachers can create good classroom environment where students tolerate and appreciate different norms by bringing up students’ empathy. In China, we always emphasize collectivism instead of individualism. But in English class, we advocate differences, to encourage students to understand each other.

     To facilitate empathy, we can take these measures:

(1) Subjects like history, anthropology, and sociology should be introduced into

the curriculum. Through these subjects, the students can not only acquaint themselves with the examples of foreign culture, but also master some concepts and principles concerning with culture.

(2) The students should be encouraged to read broadly in Chinese middle

school, both fiction non-fiction, literal or philosophical. Including proverbs, broad reading can be a student better understand and communicate with other cultures. Only through broad reading can he know the taboos, values, beliefs and religion of another culture, only through broad reading can be truly come to realize why privacy is so important and that individualism is so cherished.

(3) The students should he sent abroad for further study if possible. Thus they

can live with the natives for some time, no chance is better than the close contact. They can enjoy the new culture. By enhancing ICC, the intercultural communication of the learners can be carried out tactfully, acco rding to different context.

4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers

Language teachers are supposed to exert instructional strategies to help language learners promote their cross-cultural communication competence, that is, provide language learners with some useful ideals for presenting culture from its own perspective, for example, understanding and being aware of what people in target culture think of their own culture.Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words. Just as what we mentioned above, we have been aware of the importance of learning some cultural knowledge about the target language. It seems impossible and unnecessary for us to have a systematic study of target culture, which covers almost everything, in one’s whole lifetime. The difficulty shows that culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional and complex. A good solution to this problem might be to learn selectively those cultural factors that have great influence on intercultural communication, and that are closely related to the language. So on culture teaching we should follow these principles :( 1) interrelated. that is culture teaching must be interrelated with the content of the text. (2) Appropriate, that is culture teaching must be subjected to language teaching. (3) Practical, that is culture teaching must try to be “useful” for students in their communication. (4) Scientific, that is culture knowledge must be taught correctly, completely and objectively. (5) Flexible, that is culture teaching must be flexible according to the change of the world.

    We must obey these five principles if we want to cultivate students’ abilities of cross-cultural communication. What we should teach in ELF classes is simply a foreign way of life related to the target language and teachers should avoid bringing their own cultural prejudice into class. The world is changing, so are the traditions and customs. The constant changes require us to improve our skills of intercultural communication by doing two things: understanding the cultural differences, especially the differences in the deep structure of different cultures, and becoming flexible in intercultural communication. There is a great tendency that one culture adopts the elements from another that are compatible with its own values and beliefs or that can be changed without causing major disruption.

 

4.2.2.1 Make full use of developing the interest of the competence of intercultural communication in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school

  Intercultural communication is a big issue, which is not easy for both teachers and students to understand and realize. For successful cultural teaching, we suggest doing the following:

(1) Teach culture differences. Teachers should directly address the similarities and peculiarities between the source culture and the target culture. This can be done through the comparison of the two cultures.

(2) Provide opportunities for students to use the language in situational conversations. While introducing the students play a real-life role and practice their everyday language use according to the varied situation.

(3) Induce students to read literal works, which are vivid and abundant material to understand the character, the psychological state, culture characteristics, convention, and social relationships. Reading newspaper is also the direct path.

(4) Be aware of your students development level, when selecting themes or concepts to present. At first, learning activities should be clear and specific in lower levels, gradually, becoming more complex than the level of the student increases. There are a variety of children’s fiction which presents concepts like similarities, differences and prejudice which can be used at lower levels. At upper levels fiction and biographies can be used to present the more complicated ideas. Try to connect the unfamiliar with the familiar, the known with the unknown.

(5) Use plenty of ways in both general learning tasks and in language learning tasks.

(6) Use varied methods to check the understanding level of the students.

(7) Be enthusiastic. As a teacher you need to be aware of the value of learning a second language in terms of its contribution to developing cultural aware and a range of other cognitive and vocational benefits. Your attitude will influence the attitudes of the child ren in the class and their parents.

    Beside, Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words.

    For example, we once tried to spend Christmas and Hallowmas with all foreign teachers together in our school .The students were very interested and active in the activities， and such experiences can have impressed them strongly and forever.

Teachers should encourage students to communicate with foreign teachers and some other foreigners in and out of school. Students and foreign teachers can have classes, play games and take part in many kinds of activities together. Communicating with foreigners can provide students with the real cultural context in which English is used actually and stimulate students to learn English well including knowing about foreign culture.

As the success of many activities depends on good organization and on the students knowing exactly what they are to do. A teacher is thus mainly an organizer, whose work is different from administrator of a school system. But the teacher, like any other organizer, works primarily with people, and his task and responsibility are to create situations in which people can do their best and achieve their best.

Since teachers are key roles during culture teaching, they must play a positive role in helping the students to develop intercultural communicative competence and increase the students’ chances to succeeding in both language learning. It is not an expendable skill tacked on to the teaching of speaking, listening, writing and reading. It is always in some background. Lack of intercultural competence will limit the students’ ability to make sense of the world around them, and lead to failure in using English for communication across-culture.

4.2.2.2 Make full use of pictures, films, TV, computers and other audio-visual aids to make the teaching lively and interesting. Explore to the full the opportunities for students with the target culture information.

(1) Plays in and out of class

It is proved that plays in and out of class are probably the most efficient ways of language teaching.

The role of plays and dramas manifests itself when learners perform by themselves. Mini-dramas acted by students expose them to a “process of self-confrontation” with the target cultural communicates. The learners can act out mini-dramas written by them, which show misinterpretation of something that happens in the target cultural context. The cause of the problem is usually clarified in the final scene. Cultural similarities and differences will be analyzed by way of follow-up discussion.

In the listening book of Senior English book3 unit24, the material involves “finding a job”, English teachers can extract one or two advertisements from the magazine for students. Teachers can ask the students to divide into two groups, one group act as recruiters, and the other group act as applicants. By looking at the advertisements, appointing to interview, using some simple props, students can exchange views on working conditions, wages and other issues. Thus, students can understand the practical knowledge of Foreign Service work; the actors also can improve their abilities of practical language.

    A short play can be broken down into sections. As learners learn (not memorize) one section, they move on to the next. By combining the sections, they have learned the play. The use of this technique enables different groups of learners to work on several short plays at the same time and leads to the creation of several shirt plays simultaneously.

     Drama is a useful tool in cultural learning. A full semester’s work can be built around a drama project, or it can fill five or ten minutes at the beginning or end of a lesson. It encourages the learners to view the linguistic and cultural knowledge as a tool for communication rather than as an academic subject. It can bring life and vitality to the classroom. 

     (2) Classroom presentation

     At the beginning of each lesson, teachers can hold a “cultural corner” sessions, with 5-10 minutes. Teachers or students can introduce one aspect of Western culture, such as famous events of foreign country in history, a prominent figure in the world, or some literary works. To accumulate the cultural knowledge for a long time, students’ cultural knowledge will naturally become broad and rich.

     (3) Photo display

     Use maps, photographs, and illustrations of the text to introduce relative cultural elements vividly. For instance, when we teach the States of Liberty which appears in the lesson 10 of junior English book3, at first we can display a wall chart of the Statue of Liberty in the United States in front of the classroom, then ask the students to identify it and then observe the Statue of Liberty carefully in the facial expressions, posture language, the hold-high arm and torch. And then teachers can introduce the following cultural background briefly: Batuoerdi, a French sculptor, builds U.S. Statue of Liberty. He takes his mother's face and his wife's body as models to manufacture it. The Goddess of Liberty not only has swallowed vicissitudes face, but also perseverance. The torch in her hand is a symbol of freedom shining all over the world. Then teachers can guide the students to make analysis of the understanding of American national spirit through the Statue of Liberty. Teachers also can allow the students to list their deepest impression in other countries or ethnic representation construction.

     (4) Song appreciation

     The important function of the songs is to express one’s wishes. Many lyrics and melody of songs are also full of rich cultural content. Students generally are interested in songs. If time is enough in the class, teachers can choose one or two representative English songs for students to appreciate or learn to sing. It is an effective method in the teaching of English cultural knowledge to analyze the content of the lyrics and music rhythm feelings. And then the students can accept the cultural baptism. For example, a song has a lyric like “Love is blue.”(Blue love). Then what representation is “blue” in English? It often expressed "frustration and anxiety". Teachers cited examples to analyze, and then asked students to appreciate this song, try to see if there are any new experiences.

     (5) Foreign festivals on the campus

    This activity is of great interest to young students. The celebration could take place in a class, a grade or the whole school with the help of the branch of the Youth League. All kinds of activities can be held in festivals, such as performance of foreign songs, dancing and dramas, holding costume parties, watching foreign films, attending lectures given by foreign experts and enjoying foreign food. By celebrating foreign festivals, learners will immerse in the target cultural context. Teachers are to give introduction on the origin and the conventional activities of the festival. A comparison of the similarities and differences between the foreign festivals and Chinese festivals can develop the learners’ cultural awareness.

    (6) Using authentic materials

      Obviously, the best way to learn foreign cultural background knowledge is to go to that country to stay there for a period of time. But we know that it is almost impossible to have such an opportunity, especially for our students. Therefore, it is practically necessary for the teachers to use authentic materials to teach culture.

 Mass media, such as, film, novels and especially newspapers and magazines, is also considered as an insightful means for teaching culture, for they reflect people’s way of life in terms of variety contemporaneity and authenticity. Students in an ELF setting will spontaneously ask questions about puzzling aspects of society and life as reflected in the film or magazine. This material is by no means easy to interpret because there is so much central inference and it requires deep familiarity with and comprehensive exegeses of the culture in question. Therefore “all such material should be selected with an eye to the subculture diversity of the target community”.

5. Conclusion

Today, international cultural exchange is going on directly and indirectly, with its new scope, content, form and method unheard of before. To confine oneself to one’s own culture is to go against the times. Now, in our country, the open policy towards the rest of the world has become a fundamental policy. This policy has brought about much broader prospects for international cultural exchange. Therefore, overcoming cultural barriers has become more and more important. Only by surmounting the barriers can we get a high degree of cultural exchange, make use of good things from other cultures and build up our cultural and material wealth. This exchange will contribute to understanding and friendship among nations as well as development in science and culture.

     In the practical teaching, the culture teaching should be presented as many detailed as possible in the teaching syllabus. The teaching materials should not be located only in the source culture and should be a constructive attempt to be explicit about intercultural behavior and communication, especially, in view of the limited language available at this level. Besides, in the classroom ELF oral teaching, teachers are expected to use a variety of teaching methods that are suitable to students’ level. In intercultural communication settings, Chinese learners in culture instruction should keep an open mind: we should try to avoid the prejudiced culture stereotypes over the other cultures and our own. Especially, we should put higher focus on the learning of our own Chinese culture. Another key point is becoming awareness of our own culture bottom lines. We must learn what our own culture line is ― the values where we are can negotiate, but we cannot compromise. We can allow others to be different, and respect their differences as they respect ours.

     Though the culture teaching is a very complicated and difficult part to deal with, the educators and teachers involved in language education should make great efforts to carry out this part thoroughly. This determines much whether the effective cross-cultural communication can be preceded smoothly between China and the world.

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Meng Dong, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Han Xiaoya, Shen Yin and many others.

And I also appreciate Li Neng, who offer me great help during the time I was in the practice in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school. Without her help, I could not finish my survey in this paper.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

References

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[5] Falk, J. Linguistics and Language: A survey of Basic Concepts and Implications (2nd Ed.) [M] John Wiley and Sons (1978)

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[8] Kramsch, C. Context and Culture in Language Teaching[N]. Oxford University Press (1933)

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[10] Tylor, E.B. Primitive Culture[N]. Gordon Press (1981)

[11] Samover,larryA.2000. Communication between, cultures. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press

[12] Kramsch, Claire..Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.

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AppendixⅠ

*Questionnaire:

 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning    

2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary    

3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in foreign language learning     

4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural competence are of equal importance    

5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on    

6) You have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning    

7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after graduation    

8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning ability and improve your cross-cultural skills     

9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on.    

誠 信 承 諾

我謹在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《論中學(xué)英語口語教學(xué)中跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng)》均系本人獨立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實，后果由本人承擔(dān)。

 

篇8

一

能夠使每一位同學(xué)都態(tài)度大方地回答問題，只是口語能力訓(xùn)練的一個最基本要求。我們要采取許多別的形式，真正使口語教學(xué)方法多樣化。

（一）復(fù)述能力的訓(xùn)練。

對一些故事性較強的課文內(nèi)容進行復(fù)述，這一點受到不少老師的重視。例如，要求學(xué)生在熟讀《桃花源記》的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)適當(dāng)?shù)奶崾?，用自己的話?fù)述全文內(nèi)容。這既可以幫助學(xué)生理解課文的大意，同時又可以提高其概括能力，效果是很好的。還必須進一步引導(dǎo)他們用簡潔的語言提煉文章的主旨。除了復(fù)述課文之外，還可以利用課前5分鐘，由學(xué)生輪流上臺復(fù)述前一天給自己印象最深的時事新聞。這一方面可培養(yǎng)學(xué)生看和聽的能力，另一方面可訓(xùn)練口語表達能力?，F(xiàn)在，很多學(xué)生不關(guān)心國內(nèi)外大事，只關(guān)心一些娛樂八卦新聞，這對學(xué)習(xí)語文是很不利的。通過語文課引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)述時事新聞，有助于改變以上狀況，一舉多得。

（二）口頭小作文。

復(fù)述課文內(nèi)容或時事新聞是有規(guī)律可循的，有時候需要講清一件事，不一定有模子可套。所以，平時還多口頭小作文。對口頭小作文的要求不一定真正與寫書面作文的要求一樣，但基本程序可以參照。一是確定題目，可以跟蹤學(xué)生比較關(guān)注的熱點問題，也可以是別的問題；二是結(jié)構(gòu)、順序等，跟書面作文一致?？陬^作文一開始比較難，可能不像書面作文，但只要堅持下去，久而久之，自然就會有明顯的進步。有時候，可以組織學(xué)生配合讀書，讀完后用自己的話評價這本書，要求有理有據(jù)；有時候，還可以讓學(xué)生事先準備，舉行故事會。形式盡可能多樣，目標就是提高口語表達能力。

（三）舉行小型辯論會。

這一方式的主要作用是同步訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的思維和口語能力。前面提到有些學(xué)生當(dāng)眾說話時語無倫次，與思維比較混亂有關(guān)。學(xué)習(xí)辯論有助于解決這一問題。因為辯論時要求思想活躍、思維敏捷而縝密，既要善于抓住對方語言中的漏洞，又要防止自己的話出現(xiàn)問題，這就需要用合適的語言去表達自己的思想。在實際操作時，可以將辯論會搞得正規(guī)一些，像社會上通行的那樣，也可以隨便一點，搞成自由辯論，這更有利于調(diào)動全班同學(xué)共同參與。有一次，我曾經(jīng)在初三的學(xué)生中組織過關(guān)于“學(xué)生玩電腦游戲”的自由辯論會，結(jié)果是連平時最不愛說話的同學(xué)也忍不住發(fā)表了自己的意見，很好地達到了預(yù)期的目的。

（四）演講比賽

在日常生活中，少不了碰上需要向人介紹自己的主張、意見，或是需要說服、打動人家的場合。例如，班干部競選，需要發(fā)表演講。比較簡單的演講，初中生是能夠做好的。我們只需要讓學(xué)生明確自己演講的目的，想辦法“打動”人，并適當(dāng)介紹一些簡單的演講技巧。重要的是要充分調(diào)動學(xué)生的積極性。語文教師兼班主任的，可以將這類語文課與班級工作適當(dāng)有機結(jié)合，這樣，兩方面工作都會更主動。

以上介紹的幾種方法，對提高學(xué)生的口語水平都非常有益。我們可以根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)階段，制定相應(yīng)的教學(xué)計劃，明確訓(xùn)練重點，循序漸進，由易到難，甚至形成系列。

二

除了以上教學(xué)方法之外，在實際訓(xùn)練過程中，還有以下幾個問題需要針對性地加以解決。

（一）說話要有中心，有條理。

首先，在事前應(yīng)明確自己要講清什么問題，中心是什么，說話要圍繞這個問題展開，不要無的放矢，不著邊際。說完了，要讓人明白你究竟說什么，如果毫無頭緒，摸不著頭腦，那就等于沒說，達不到自己的目的。其次要有條理，先說什么，后說什么，應(yīng)有一個合理的順序，若是東拉西扯、顛三倒四，也會使人聽了不得要領(lǐng)，很難達到交際目的。

（二）說話要清楚、簡潔。

有的同學(xué)講了一大通，但就像一團亂麻，該講清楚的不清楚。這就要求講話者事先多思考，弄清楚講的目的、對象、重點、方法、順序和詳略，只有先想清楚才能講得清楚。另外，還要講究簡潔，不羅嗦。重復(fù)的話不要講，該去掉的要舍得去掉，去掉那些與中心關(guān)系不大的話，去掉那些口頭禪或不必要的嘆詞。

（三）說話要連貫、嚴密。

連貫是指句與句之間能夠連接得上，嚴密是指說話有邏輯性。這都要求講話者的思維應(yīng)當(dāng)連貫、嚴密。要力戒說話不經(jīng)思考，漏洞百出，經(jīng)不起推敲。平時就要多注意這一點。

篇9

口語交際是母語教學(xué)中的重要內(nèi)容，長期以來，人們一直認為語文學(xué)習(xí)需要書面語的學(xué)習(xí)，新一論的課程改革中，口語交際作為一種重要的語文素養(yǎng)被提了出來，《語文課程標準》中也明確指出：“口語交際能力是現(xiàn)代公民的必備能力。”“語文課程應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生正確地理解和運用祖國語言，豐富語言的積累，培養(yǎng)語感，使他們具有適應(yīng)實際需要的識字寫字能力，閱讀能力，寫作能力，口語交際能力?！庇纱苏f明，口語交際已成為重要的語文教學(xué)內(nèi)容之一。但是受傳統(tǒng)語文“重書面，輕口語”的束縛，口語交際往往僅限在課堂內(nèi)四十分鐘的教學(xué)。農(nóng)村學(xué)生現(xiàn)狀分析， 迫使我們加強學(xué)生的口語交際能力。 在應(yīng)試教育這一傳統(tǒng)觀念的約束下，我們學(xué)校和老師依然只重“傳道、授業(yè)、解惑”的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式，忽視學(xué)生各方面能力培養(yǎng)，對于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)看不清摸不著的學(xué)生素質(zhì)，只抱聽之任之的態(tài)度。所以，如何拓寬口語交際訓(xùn)練渠道，全面提高學(xué)生口語交際能力，成為眾多教育者關(guān)注和亟待解決的問題。

我們學(xué)校申請了一個關(guān)于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生口語交際能力研究的課題，在研究的過程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)教材中的很多話題對于農(nóng)村學(xué)生來說并不是很適合?；诖?，提出“農(nóng)村學(xué)生口語交際系列話題研究”的課題，緊扣農(nóng)村特色，廣拓渠道，規(guī)范、扎實地訓(xùn)練。以此提高學(xué)生的口語交際能力，為農(nóng)村學(xué)?？谡Z交際教學(xué)起個示范作用。

二、課題的界定

1.本課題屬基礎(chǔ)教育類的語文科，口語交際指在各種交際活動中能正確、流利、得體地用口頭語言表達交際思想的行為。

2.口語交際能力訓(xùn)練的實質(zhì)是口語交際經(jīng)驗的類化過程，是語言知識要素和口語交際技能要素的獲得與整合的過程。

3.本課題提出的口語交際規(guī)范訓(xùn)練旨在通過設(shè)計系列的口語交際話題，制定出一系列的話題項目，使學(xué)生口語交際能力漸進提高。

三、本課題在國內(nèi)外研究的現(xiàn)狀與趨勢

口語交際的研究在我國語文學(xué)科里比較早，我搜索了一下發(fā)現(xiàn)大多研究的都是如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生口語交際能力，對于專門的話題研究不是很多，特別是相對口語交際能力較差的農(nóng)村學(xué)生，該如何拓寬適合他們的口語交際話題，迄今為止我們還未能找到這方面的調(diào)研報告。因而，我們提出了“農(nóng)村學(xué)生口語交際系列話題研究”的課題，希望能為口語教學(xué)探索一點經(jīng)驗。

四、研究的理論依據(jù)

1.以建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論為指導(dǎo)

2.以《語文課程標準》為研究的行動準則

3.以兒童發(fā)展心理學(xué)為研究指南

五、課題研究預(yù)期的目標

預(yù)期的目標：

1.通過課題研究，促進教師教育觀念的進一步轉(zhuǎn)變，努力使口語交際訓(xùn)練落到實處，使農(nóng)村學(xué)生的口語交際話題的選擇更為寬泛，對于提高學(xué)生的口語交際能力更為有利，全面提高學(xué)生素質(zhì)。

2.探索口語交際話題的內(nèi)容和策略。

3.通過課題研究，提高課題組成員的教育理論水平和研究能力，活躍我校口語教學(xué)的研究并形成特色。

六、研究的方法

1.行動研究法：根據(jù)學(xué)生的口語交際訓(xùn)練情況，適當(dāng)調(diào)整課題研究，以便科學(xué)地進行本課題的研究工作。

2.經(jīng)驗總結(jié)法：定期或不定期對實驗研究情況進行反思、探討，及時總結(jié)歸納，為形成教科成果積累豐富鮮活的經(jīng)驗材料。

七、課題研究實施步驟

1、制定實施方案。2013年3月——2013年4月：學(xué)習(xí)理論，選擇課題，制定實施方案。

2、探索實驗方案。2013年5月——2015年5月：實施研究，搜集資料；整理分析，調(diào)整方案。

3、總結(jié)成果。2015年5月——2015年7月：探索實驗，總結(jié)成果，課題總結(jié)。

八、預(yù)期的研究成果

教師在實施新課程的理念下，通過實質(zhì)性操作和實踐研究，總結(jié)經(jīng)驗，撰寫的關(guān)于發(fā)展學(xué)生口語交際能力訓(xùn)練的典型案例，教學(xué)反思，教研論文，以及各年段實驗教師開展的課題展示課，以此提高教師的教育教研水平。

篇10

新的小學(xué)語文教學(xué)大綱不再單提聽話、說話，而是綜合起來提“口語交際”?？谡Z交際屬于言語交際范疇，言語交際是人們在日常生活、學(xué)習(xí)和工作中以語言為工具所進行的一種交流信息和思想感情的活動，信息交流形式有聽說（口語）、讀寫（書面語）兩大類。口語交際是人們運用口頭語言進行交談、演講、辯論等的一種言語交際活動，具備直接、簡便、迅速的特點，使用最多最廣，是最基本的語言信息交流手段。

口語交際，這過去甚至現(xiàn)在仍經(jīng)常被忽視的教學(xué)部分，為什么老師會疏于對它的重視，我想并不是老師們不重視，不知道口語交際能力的培養(yǎng)對于學(xué)生來講的重要意義，同行們在教學(xué)中也教學(xué)這部分，只苦于對口語交際課如何上，或如何讓學(xué)生真正學(xué)到交際的本領(lǐng)而困惑，所以實施口語交際的教學(xué)過程中，如何引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)到交際的本領(lǐng)，如何讓學(xué)生真正實現(xiàn)交際，變得尤為重要。那么，如何有心智，有靈性，創(chuàng)造性地利用文本內(nèi)容，挖掘出多姿多彩的口語交際教學(xué)資源，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的口語交際能力呢？在新語文課程標準啟示下，我做了如下的嘗試：

（一）創(chuàng)設(shè)交際情境，讓學(xué)生自然交際

一、由圖導(dǎo)說，激發(fā)學(xué)生的想像。

都說圖畫是鼓勵學(xué)生說話的“興奮劑“，圖畫是展開形象的重要手段，現(xiàn)今的教材中配有形象生動的圖畫，圖畫實際是把課文內(nèi)容形象化，易于兒童接受，這樣能喚起學(xué)生觀察思考、說話的興趣。我充分利用插圖，由圖導(dǎo)說，幫助學(xué)生理解課文內(nèi)容，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生口語交際的能力。

如教《夏夜多美》這課時，我用課件出示文中的第一幅插圖，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察圖中小螞蟻和睡蓮的表情、動作，想想他們可能在說什么？同學(xué)們看著生動的畫面，紛紛舉手說：小螞蟻快滑進水里了，揮著手向睡蓮求救！另一個同學(xué)補充說：睡蓮伸出雙手，笑著說，不用怕，我來幫你。你看，形象的畫面讓他們看得多真，還會說：“滑、揮、伸?！笨吹枚嘧屑?，說得多準確呀！小朋友就不難理解夏夜的“美”了。又如《李時珍》（六冊）課文配有一幅插圖，畫的是李時珍手拿一棵草藥向爺孫倆請教。上課時，可以出示插圖讓學(xué)生觀察，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考：李時珍怎樣詢問老爺爺?老爺爺又怎樣介紹那棵草藥的?旁邊的小女孩又說什么?先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生借助插圖進行合理想象，然后讓學(xué)生分角色對話表演，再現(xiàn)畫境，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生口語，從而深刻體會李時珍嚴謹?shù)目茖W(xué)態(tài)度和不怕艱辛的精神。

學(xué)生的思維一旦被激活，就能點燃創(chuàng)新的火花，出現(xiàn)意想不到的精彩。這種教學(xué)設(shè)計大大激發(fā)了學(xué)生的思維和想像能力，有效地進行口語交際訓(xùn)練。

二、從文導(dǎo)演，激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣。

教學(xué)中，根據(jù)課本的特點，創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，安排適量的表演，為學(xué)生構(gòu)建一個交際舞臺，這樣既有助于加深對課文的理解，又有益于學(xué)生口語交際能力的提高。要充分利用學(xué)生的各種感官去觸摸、品味、體驗文中的角色，用全部身心展示自己對角色的心理、情感等的體驗和理解，教師能參與學(xué)生的活動，師會成為學(xué)生更想活動的催化劑，蘇霍姆林斯基說：“兒童是用表象、色彩、聲音來思維的?！睂τ腥さ那楣?jié)、人物，學(xué)生們有很大的興趣，教師的參與更讓他們有了動力，在師生共演中，進入情境，實現(xiàn)交際能力的訓(xùn)練。努力通過表演，交際的交互由生生之間到師生之間，由師生之間再到生本之間不斷地轉(zhuǎn)化，構(gòu)建了一個多維度的口語交際平臺，從文導(dǎo)演，提升學(xué)生的口語交際能力。無聲的文本語言演繹為有聲有色的生活話劇。

如：我在教《丑小鴨》這篇課文時，先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出各種動物角色，它們的動作和語言，進行感情朗讀后，請幾個同學(xué)分角色表演。小演員們戴著各種動物的頭飾把動物的性格特點、動作、語言、神態(tài)維妙維肖地表演出來。表演完了，其他同學(xué)還紛紛爭著扮演故事里的角色，這樣課堂氣氛達到了。通過表演，交際的交互由生生之間到師生之間，由師生之間再到生本之間不斷地轉(zhuǎn)化，構(gòu)建了一個多維度的口語交際平臺，從文導(dǎo)演，提升學(xué)生的口語交際能力。 轉(zhuǎn)貼于

三、學(xué)文仿說，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力。

學(xué)生善于仿寫，教師千萬不要限制學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力，學(xué)完課文后應(yīng)讓他們結(jié)合自己的生活實踐及所獲取的信息，仿照課文的形式仿寫，在仿寫的過程中穿插聽中評和聽后評，對精彩的語句及時鼓勵、表揚，使其品嘗到成功的喜悅，獲得滿足感，增強口語交際的自信心和勇氣。如《我愛故鄉(xiāng)的楊梅》課文，作者按整體到部分，由表及里的順序來敘述楊梅果的可愛，抓住楊梅果的形狀、顏色、味道的特點來寫。學(xué)習(xí)這一課，可組織舉行“水果展銷會”，讓學(xué)生運用課文按一定順序抓特點寫的方法來介紹家鄉(xiāng)的一種水果，并且鼓勵學(xué)生大膽發(fā)揮，只要能吸引客商，你想怎樣介紹就怎樣介紹。這種教學(xué)在原有文本內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，拓寬教材內(nèi)容，創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，學(xué)生學(xué)文仿說，既培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的口語交際能力，又使學(xué)生的想像得到進一步的提升。

（二）指導(dǎo)方法，讓學(xué)生學(xué)會交際

新課標對培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語文素養(yǎng)中要求：學(xué)生應(yīng)初步掌握學(xué)習(xí)語文的基本方法。情景的創(chuàng)設(shè)為交際做好了前期準備，下一步，老師的任務(wù)還應(yīng)教給學(xué)生交際的方法。

1、有序觀察，按序交際

學(xué)會觀察，特別是學(xué)會有序觀察是學(xué)生順利交際的一個基本方法，例如，教學(xué)一年級下冊語文園地八《我會講》時，教學(xué)時，我先讓學(xué)生觀察每幅圖，看懂每幅圖，通過看第四幅圖，讓學(xué)生想猴子們用什么辦法撈回了球，小組互評，誰的辦法好。讓學(xué)生養(yǎng)成有序觀察，認真思考，按序交際的好習(xí)慣。

2、認真傾聽，靈動交際

傾聽是學(xué)生順利進行交際的良好的習(xí)慣，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生交際能力時，應(yīng)不忘引導(dǎo)學(xué)生聽別人說話要認真、專注，聽清楚別人表達的意思，以便能對別人的話做出及時反應(yīng)，靈動交際。

3、清楚表達，出色交際

在教學(xué)過程中，我們老師應(yīng)盡量讓學(xué)生形成輕松、自由的交際心理，讓他們多點時間，盡可能多的表達在訓(xùn)練中有技巧地處理學(xué)生的不足和錯誤，讓他們形成清楚表達的能力，養(yǎng)成清楚表達的好習(xí)慣，在一次一次的交際訓(xùn)練中出色交際，在交際中獲得成就感，更樂于交際。

對口語交際課的繼續(xù)研討是必要的，口語交際課的模式應(yīng)是有效的，交際能力的訓(xùn)練應(yīng)是長效的，應(yīng)貫穿于整個語文教學(xué)，應(yīng)滲透學(xué)生的課內(nèi)、課外、校內(nèi)、校外的生活環(huán)節(jié)，經(jīng)過“細水長流”的口語交際訓(xùn)練，通過“潤物細無聲”的生活交際能力鍛煉，新一代的公民必將具備能說會道、能言善辯，有如“滔滔江水”的口語交際能力，適應(yīng)瞬息萬變的時代需求。

參考文獻